Table 1
Electrical parameters of the PV module type YL65P-17b.
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Short-circuit current (Isc) | 4 A |
| Open circuit voltage (Voc) | 21.7 V |
| Voltage at Pmax (Vmpp) | 17.5 V |
| Current at Pmax (Impp) | 3.71 A |
| Temperature coefficient of voltage (Tcv) | −0.0802 V/°C |
| Temperature coefficient of current (Tci) | 0.0024 A/°C |
| Maximum voltage (Vmax) | 22.35 V |
| Minimum voltage (Vmin) | 18.44 V |
Figure 1:
Block diagram of the MPPT controller.
Figure 2:
(A) Hall-effect current sensor ACS712ELCTR-20A-T and (B) voltage sensor FZ0430.
Figure 3:
dc–dc converter.
Figure 4:
Typical connection for the IR2117.
Figure 5:
XL6009 regulator.
Figure 6:
Coupling circuit between the Arduino and the IR2117 driver.
Table 2
Arduino mega specifications.
| Specifications | Values |
|---|---|
| Microcontroller | ATmega 2560 |
| Operating voltage | 5 V |
| Digital I/O pins | 54 (of which 15 provide PWM output) |
| Analog input pins | 16 |
| Clock speed | 16 MHz |
| Flash memory | 256 kB |
| SRAM | 8 kB |
| EEPROM | 4 kB |
| Communication interfaces | UART, SPI, I2C |
Table 3
Fuzzy associative matrix.
| E(k)/ΔE(k) | Very Low | Low | Neutral | High | Very High |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Very Low | VH | VH | H | VL | VL |
| Low | H | H | H | VL | L |
| Neutral | H | H | N | L | L |
| High | H | H | L | L | VL |
| Very High | H | H | L | L | VL |
Figure 7:
Flowchart of the fuzzy controller implemented on the Arduino Mega board.
Figure 8:
Membership functions of the inputs. (A) Error and (B) change of error.
Figure 9:
Membership functions for the ΔD(k) output.
Figure 10:
Movement of the MPP in the P–V curve of the PV module.
Figure 11:
Flowchart of the P&O controller.
Figure 12:
(A) Adafruit data logger shield and (B) Nokia 5110 graphic LCD.
Figure 13:
General circuit diagram.
Figure 14:
(A) MPPT controller implemented and (B) experimental PV system.
Figure 15:
Power delivered to the battery by fuzzy and P&O controllers.
Figure 16:
Battery voltage for fuzzy and P&O controllers.
Figure 17:
Power obtained from the PV module.
Figure 18:
Current obtained from the PV module.
Figure 19:
Duty cycle for the fuzzy and P&O controllers.