| Armi (2011) | RCT | PDCs: Intraosseous palatal position of maxillary permanent canine diagnosed from panoramic radiographs or periapical radiographs | 3 groups 1. HG group 2. RPE/HG group 3. CG | Total 60 subjects 1. HG group: 17 subjects (with 25 PDCs) M/F = 9/8, 11.9 years 2. RPE/HG group: 21 subjects (with 30 PDCs) M/F = 9/12, 11.1 years 3. CG, 22 subjects (with 26 PDCs) M/F = 9/13,11.6 years | Panoramic radiographs, lateral cephalogram and measurement on dental cast | Full eruption of the tooth which permitting bracket positioning for final arch alignment | All groups: 18 months and 4 dropouts | Successful eruption of the permanent canine were 82.3% in the HG group and 85.7% in the RPE/HG group significantly greater than those of the CG. No statistically significant difference was found for the prevalence of successful subjects between the HG and RME/HG groups (P < 0.001) |
| Bacetti (2009) | RCT | PDCs: diagnosed from PA radiographs according to the method by Sambataro et al. | 2 groups 1. RPE group 2. CG | Total 54 subjects 1. RPE group: 32 subjects (with 42 PDCs) M/F = 12/20 8.8 years ± 9 months 2. CG: 22 subjects (with 31 PDCs) M/F = 8/14, 8.4 years ± 1 year | PA cephalograms, panoramic radiographs and measurement on dental cast | Full eruption of maxillary canine | 1. TG: 4.4 years, 3 dropouts 2. CG: 4.11 years, 3 dropouts | The rates for successful eruption of the maxillary canines were 65.7% in the RPE group, and 13.6% in the CG. The different is statistically significant (P<0.001) |
| Bacetti (2011) | RCT | PDCs: diagnosed from panoramic radiographs according to the method by Ericson and Kurol | 4 groups 1. RPE/TPA/EC group: RPE followed by TPA therapy, and extraction of deciduous canines 2. TPA/EC group: TPA extraction of deciduous canines 3. EC group: extraction of deciduous canines 4. CG | Total 117 subjects 1. RPE/TPA/EC group: 40 subjects (with 66 PDCs) M/F = 15/25, 10y5m ± 10m 2.TPA/EC group: 24 subjects (with 36 PDCs) M/F = 10/14, 10y9m ± 11m 3. EC group:24 subjects (with 34 PDCs) M/F = 10/14 11y1m ± 11m 4. CG:29 subjects (with 42 PDCs) M/F = 11/18, 10y5m ± 10m | Clinical examination, panoramic and lateral cephalogram | The full eruption of the canine, thus permitting bracket positioning for final arch alignment with an early permanent dentition and a post-pubertal stage of cervical vertebral maturation (CS 5 or CS 6) | 1. RPE/TPA/EC group: 3y6m ± 16m, no dropout 2. TPA/EC group: 2y9m ± 13m, 1 dropout 3. EC group: 2y2m ± 10 m, 1 dropout 4. CG: 3y1m ± 14m, 1 dropout | The rate of successful eruption of the maxillary canines was 80% for the RME/TPA/EC group, 79.2% for the TPA/EC group, 62.5% for the EC group, and 27.6% in the CG. There are statistically significant differences between all the groups (P<0.05), with the exception of the RME/TPA/EC group vs. TPA/EC group |
| Barros (2018) | pCCT | Ectopic eruption of at least 1 maxillary canine overlapping sector II, III, or IV of the lateral incisor roots, diagnosed from panoramic radiographs, according to the method of Lindauer et al. | 3 groups 1. ECC: ectopically erupting canines with RPE 2. NEC: normally erupting canines with RPE 3. CG | Total 77 subjects 1. EEC group: 32 subjects (with 49 ectopically erupting canines) (M/F = 13/19, 9.53 years ± 1.10 year 2. NEC group: 18 subjects (9 expanded subjects from the EEC group with unilateral normally erupting canines) (with 27 normally erupting canines) M/F = 8/10, 9.25 years ± 1.06 year 3. CG: 36 subjects (with 54 normally erupting canines) M/F = 17/19 ,9.03 years ± 0.72 year | Panoramic radiographs | – | All groups: 1 year | The ECC and NEC groups had greater angular, vertical, and horizontal canine improvements. RME had a positive impact on the eruption path of both the ectopically and normally erupting canines |
| Sigler 2011 | pCCT | PDCs: intraosseous malposition of maxillary permanent canine diagnosed from panoramic radiographs according to the method of Ericson and Kurol | 2 groups 1. RPE/TPA/EC group: RPE followed by TPA and extraction of deciduous canines 2. CG | Total 68 subjects 1. RPE/TPA/EC group: 39 subjects (with 65 PDCs) M/F = 15/24, 10y5m ± 10 m 2. CG: 29 subjects (with 48 PDCs) M/F = 12/17,10y5 m ± 10 m | Panoramic radiograph, lateral cephalogram and measurement on dental cast | The full eruption of the canine, thus permitting bracket positioning for final arch alignment when needed | 1. RPE/TPA/EC group: 3 years 7 months, 1 dropout 2. CG: 3 years 1 month, 1 dropout | The rates for successful eruption of the maxillary canines were 80% in the RPE/TPA/EC group, and 28% in the CG. The different is statistically significant (P<0.001) |
