Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Critical Appraisal Skills Program quality assessment of the included studies_
| Items | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Authors | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | Total (Range: 0 to 11) |
| Singh et al.26 | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | 7 |
| Du et al.27 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | 9 |
| He et al.28 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | 10 |
| Restrepo et al.29 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | 9 |
Characteristics of the included studies_
| Study | Study design | Study participants | Results | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Author, year (Ref) | Country | Study duration (months) | Dental hygiene | Outcome assessment criteria | Treatment assigned to main intervention group | Treatment assigned to control group | Frequency of application during the study duration | Age Range (years) | Number of participants I/C | Teeth analyzed | Outcome measure | Author’s conclusion |
| Singh et al.26 | India | 6 | 1,000 ppm F toothpaste twice daily | Visual DD | F varnish (22,600 ppm NaF) | Placebo varnish | Once at baseline | 16‒25 | 13/14 | Each tooth from central incisor to first molar | Visual score DD score | F varnish did not improve the progression of WSL |
| Du et al.27 | China | 6 | F toothpaste twice daily | DD | F varnish (22,600 ppm NaF Duraphat) | Saline solution | 6-times (Once every month) | 12‒22 | 47/49 | All the teeth | DD score | Regular F varnish application may be effective in reducing the development of WSL |
| He et al.28 | China | 6 | F free toothpaste twice daily (control group); F toothpaste twice daily (intervention group) | Quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) | F varnish (22,600 ppm NaF Duraphat) | Placebo varnish | 6-times (Once every month) | 12 ‒25 | 69/72 | Maxillary anterior teeth | QLF | Regular F varnish application may be effective in reducing the development of WSL |
| Restrepo et al.29 | Brazil | 3 | 1,450 ppm F toothpaste twice daily | Visual (Nyvad criteria) DD | F varnish (22,600 ppm NaF Duraphat) | Saline solution | Twice (Two applications with one-week interval) | 13‒20 | 10/10 | Anterior teeth and pre-molars | Visual (Nyvad criteria) score DD score | F varnish improved the progression of WSL |