Craniofacial growth studies in orthodontic research — lessons, considerations and controversies
References
- 1. Hellman M. The face in its developmental career. Dental Cosmos 1935;77:685-99.
- 2. Moyers RE, Bookstein FL. The inappropriateness of conventional cephalometrics. Am J Orthod 1979;75:599-617.10.1016/0002-9416(79)90093-9
- 3. Kingsbury BE. The significance of the so-called law of cephalocaudal differential growth. The Anatomical Record 1924;27:305-21.10.1002/ar.1090270511
- 4. Jacob HB, Buschang PH. Mandibular growth comparisons of Class I and Class II division 1 skeletofacial patterns. Angle Orthod 2014;84:755-61.10.2319/100113-719.1
- 5. Ochoa BK, Nanda RS. Comparison of maxillary and mandibular growth. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2004;125:148-59.10.1016/j.ajodo.2003.03.008
- 6. Nanda RS, Ghosh J. Longitudinal growth changes in the sagittal relationship of maxilla and mandible. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1995;107:79-90.10.1016/S0889-5406(95)70159-1
- 7. Bishara SE, Hession TJ, Peterson LC. Longitudinal soft-tissue profile changes: a study of three analyses. Am J Orthod 1985;88:209-23.10.1016/S0002-9416(85)90216-7
- 8. Sinclair PM, Little RM. Dentofacial maturation of untreated normals. Am J Orthod 1985;88:146-56.10.1016/0002-9416(85)90239-8
- 9. Lux CJ, Raeth O, Burden D, Conradt C, Komposch G. Sagittal and vertical growth of the jaws in Class II, Division 1 and Class II, Division 2 malocclusions during prepubertal and pubertal development. J Orofac Orthop 2004;65:290-311.10.1007/s00056-004-0336-9
- 10. Jamison JE, Bishara SE, Peterson LC, DeKock WH, Kremenak CR. Longitudinal changes in the maxilla and the maxillary-mandibular relationship between 8 and 17 years of age. Am J Orthod 1982;82:217-30.10.1016/0002-9416(82)90142-7
- 11. Lux CJ, Conradt C, Burden D, Komposch G. Three-dimensional analysis of maxillary and mandibular growth increments. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2004;41:304-14.10.1597/03-014.115151442
- 12. Chung CH, Mongiovi VD. Craniofacial growth in untreated skeletal Class I subjects with low, average, and high MP-SN angles: a longitudinal study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2003;124:670-8.10.1016/j.ajodo.2003.02.004
- 13. Björk A, Skieller V. Normal and abnormal growth of the mandible. A synthesis of longitudinal cephalometric implant studies over a period of 25 years. Eur J Orthod 1983;5:1-46.10.1093/ejo/5.1.1
- 14. Björk A, Skieller V. Facial development and tooth eruption: An implant study at the age of puberty. Am J Orthod 1972;62:339-83.10.1016/S0002-9416(72)90277-1
- 15. Bergman RT, Waschak J, Borzabadi-Farahani A, Murphy NC. Longitudinal study of cephalometric soft tissue profile traits between the ages of 6 and 18 years. Angle Orthod 2014;84:48-55.10.2319/041513-291.1
- 16. Proffit WR, Fields HW Jr, Moray LJ. Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need in the United States: estimates from the NHANES III survey. Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg 1998;13:97-106.
- 17. Athanasiou AE, Droschl H, Bosch C. Data and patterns of transverse dentofacial structure of 6- to 15-year-old children: a posteroanterior cephalometric study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1992;101:465-71.10.1016/0889-5406(92)70121-P
- 18. Graber TM. Evolution of the concepts underlying craniofacial growth regulation. In McNamara JA Jr, Ribbens KA, Howe RP, eds. Clinical alteration of the growing face. Ann Arbor: Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, 1983;313-9.
- 19. Snodell SF, Nanda RS, Currier GF. A longitudinal cephalometric study of transverse and vertical craniofacial growth. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1993;104:471-83.10.1016/0889-5406(93)70073-W
- 20. Cortella S, Shofer FS, Ghafari J. Transverse development of the jaws: norms for the posteroanterior cephalometric analysis. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1997;112:519-22.10.1016/S0889-5406(97)70079-9
- 21. Huertas D, Ghafari J. New posteroanterior cephalometric norms: a comparison with craniofacial measures of children treated with palatal expansion. Angle Orthod 2001;71:285-92.
- 22. Behrents RG. Growth in the aging craniofacial skeleton. Ann Arbor: Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, 1985.
- 23. Thilander B. Dentoalveolar development in subjects with normal occlusion. A longitudinal study between the ages of 5 and 31 years. Eur J Orthod 2009;31:109-20.10.1093/ejo/cjn12419304760
- 24. Björk A, Skieller V. Growth of the maxilla in three dimensions as revealed radiographically by the implant method. Br J Orthod 1977;4:53-64.10.1179/bjo.4.2.53273440
- 25. Carlson DS. Theories of craniofacial growth in the postgenomic era. Semin Orthod 2005;11:172-83.10.1053/j.sodo.2005.07.002
- 26. Cozza P, Baccetti T, Franchi L, De Toffol L, McNamara JA Jr. Mandibular changes produced by functional appliances in Class II malocclusion: a systematic review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2006;129:599.e1-12.10.1016/j.ajodo.2005.11.010
- 27. Buschang PH, Martins J. Childhood and adolescent changes of skeletal relationships. Angle Orthod 1998;68:199-206; discussion 207-8.
- 28. Burstone CJ. The integumental profile. Am J Orthod 1958;44:1-25.10.1016/S0002-9416(58)90178-7
- 29. Subtelny J. A longitudinal study of soft tissue facial structures and their profile characteristics, defined in relation to underlying skeletal structures. Am J Orthod 1959;45:481-507.10.1016/0002-9416(59)90014-4
- 30. Foley TF, Duncan PG. Soft tissue profile changes in late adolescent males. Angle Orthod 1997;67:373-80.
- 31. Primozic J, Perinetti G, Contardo L, Ovsenik M. Facial soft tissue changes during the pre-pubertal and pubertal growth phase: a mixed longitudinal laser-scanning study. Eur J Orthod 2017;39:52-60.10.1093/ejo/cjw008
- 32. Lux CJ, Burden D, Conradt C, Komposch G. Age-related changes in sagittal relationship between the maxilla and mandible. Eur J Orthod 2005;27:568-78.10.1093/ejo/cji061
- 33. Baccetti T, Franchi L, McNamara JA Jr, Tollaro I. Early dentofacial features of Class II malocclusion: a longitudinal study from the deciduous through the mixed dentition. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1997;111:502-9.10.1016/S0889-5406(97)70287-7
- 34. Kerr WJ, Hirst D. Craniofacial characteristics of subjects with normal and postnormal occlusions--a longitudinal study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1987;92:207-12.10.1016/0889-5406(87)90413-6
- 35. Bishara SE, Jakobsen JR, Vorhies B, Bayati P. Changes in dentofacial structures in untreated Class II division 1 and normal subjects: a longitudinal study. Angle Orthod 1997;67:55-66.
- 36. Gesch D. A longitudinal study on growth in untreated children with Angle Class II, Division 1 malocclusion. J Orofac Orthop 2000;61:20-33.10.1007/BF02340929
- 37. Antonini A, Marinelli A, Baroni G, Franchi L, Defraia E. Class II malocclusion with maxillary protrusion from the deciduous through the mixed dentition: a longitudinal study. Angle Orthod 2005;75:980-6.
- 38. Rosenblum RE. Class II malocclusion: mandibular retrusion or maxillary protrusion? Angle Orthod 1995;65:49-62.
- 39. McNamara JA Jr. Components of class II malocclusion in children 8-10 years of age. Angle Orthod 1981;51:177-202.
- 40. Carter NE. Dentofacial changes in untreated Class II division 1 subjects. Br J Orthod 1987;14:225-34.10.1179/bjo.14.4.225
- 41. Ngan PW, Byczek E, Scheick J. Longitudinal evaluation of growth changes in Class II division 1 subjects. Semin Orthod 1997;3:222-31.10.1016/S1073-8746(97)80055-2
- 42. Stahl F, Baccetti T, Franchi L, McNamara JA Jr. Longitudinal growth changes in untreated subjects with Class II Division 1 malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2008;134:125-37.10.1016/j.ajodo.2006.06.028
- 43. Buschang PH, Tanguay R, Turkewicz J, Demirjian A, La Palme L. A polynomial approach to craniofacial growth: description and comparison of adolescent males with normal occlusion and those with untreated Class II malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1986;90:437-42.10.1016/0889-5406(86)90009-0
- 44. Bishara SE, Jakobsen JR. Longitudinal changes in three normal facial types. Am J Orthod 1985;88:466-502.10.1016/S0002-9416(85)80046-4
- 45. Palomo JM, Hunt DW Jr, Hans MG, Broadbent BH Jr. A longitudinal 3-dimensional size and shape comparison of untreated Class I and Class II subjects. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2005;127:584-91.10.1016/j.ajodo.2003.12.029
- 46. Klocke A, Nanda RS, Kahl-Nieke B. Skeletal Class II patterns in the primary dentition. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2002;121:596-601.10.1067/mod.2002.122827
- 47. Chung CH, Wong WW. Craniofacial growth in untreated skeletal Class II subjects: a longitudinal study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2002;122:619-26.10.1067/mod.2002.129195
- 48. Anderson D, Popovich F. Lower cranial height vs craniofacial dimensions in Angle Class II malocclusion. Angle orthod 1983;53:253-60.
- 49. Karlsen AT. Craniofacial morphology in children with Angle Class II-1 malocclusion with and without deepbite. Angle Orthod 1994;64:437-46.
- 50. Tollaro I, Baccetti T, Franchi L, Tanasescu CD. Role of posterior transverse interarch discrepancy in Class II, Division 1 malocclusion during the mixed dentition phase. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1996;110:417-22.10.1016/S0889-5406(96)70045-8
- 51. Bishara SE, Bayati P, Jakobsen JR. Longitudinal comparisons of dental arch changes in normal and untreated Class II, Division 1 subjects and their clinical implications. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1996;110:483-9.10.1016/S0889-5406(96)70054-9
- 52. Buschang PH, Stroud J, Alexander RG. Differences in dental arch morphology among adult females with untreated Class I and Class II malocclusion. Eur J Orthod 1994;16:47-52.10.1093/ejo/16.1.478181550
- 53. Pancherz H, Zieber K, Hoyer B. Cephalometric characteristics of Class II division 1 and Class II division 2 malocclusions: a comparative study in children. Angle Orthod 1997;67:111-20.
- 54. Peck S, Peck L, Kataja M. Class II Division 2 malocclusion: a heritable pattern of small teeth in well-developed jaws. Angle Orthod 1998;68:9-20.
- 55. Strang RH. Class II, division 2 malocclusion. Angle Orthod 1958;28:210-4.
- 56. Ghafari JG, Haddad RV. Cephalometric and dental analysis of Class II, Division 2 reveals various subtypes of the malocclusion and the primacy of dentoalveolar components. Semin Orthod 2014;20:272-86.10.1053/j.sodo.2014.09.004
- 57. Barbosa LAG, Araujo E, Behrents RG, Buschang PH. Longitudinal cephalometric growth of untreated subjects with Class II Division 2 malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2017;151:914-20.10.1016/j.ajodo.2016.10.026
- 58. Lapatki BG, Mager AS, Schulte-Moenting J, Jonas IE. The importance of the level of the lip line and resting lip pressure in Class II, Division 2 malocclusion. J Dent Res 2002;81:323-8.10.1177/154405910208100507
- 59. Demisch A, Ingervall B, Thuer U. Mandibular displacement in Angle Class II, division 2 malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1992;102:509-18.10.1016/0889-5406(92)70067-K
- 60. Haas AJ. Headgear therapy: the most efficient way to distalize molars. Semin Orthod 2000;6:79-90.10.1053/od.2000.5900
- 61. Gianelly AA, Petras JC, Boffa J. Condylar position and Class II deep-bite, no-overjet malocclusions. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1989;96:428-32.10.1016/0889-5406(89)90328-4
- 62. Uysal T, Memili B, Usumez S, Sari Z. Dental and alveolar arch widths in normal occlusion, class II division 1 and class II division 2. Angle Orthod 2005;75:941-7.
- 63. Walkow TM, Peck S. Dental arch width in Class II Division 2 deep-bite malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2002;122:608-13.10.1067/mod.2002.129189
- 64. Isik F, Nalbantgil D, Sayinsu K, Arun T. A comparative study of cephalometric and arch width characteristics of Class II division 1 and division 2 malocclusions. Eur J Orthod 2006;28:179-83.10.1093/ejo/cji096
- 65. Brezniak N, Arad A, Heller M, Dinbar A, Dinte A, Wasserstein A. Pathognomonic cephalometric characteristics of Angle Class II Division 2 malocclusion. Angle Orthod 2002;72:251-7.
- 66. Fischer-Brandies H, Fischer-Brandies E, König A. A cephalometric comparison between Angle Class II, division 2 malocclusion and normal occlusion in adults. Br J Orthod 1985;12:158-62.10.1179/bjo.12.3.158
- 67. Godiawala RN, Joshi MR. A cephalometric comparison between class II, division 2 malocclusion and normal occlusion. Angle Orthod 1974;44:262-7.
- 68. Maj G, Lucchese FP. The mandible in class II, division 2. Angle Orthod 1982;52:288-92.
- 69. Guyer EC, Ellis EE 3rd, McNamara JA Jr, Behrents RG. Components of class III malocclusion in juveniles and adolescents. Angle Orthod 1986;56:7-30.
- 70. Baccetti T, Reyes BC, McNamara JA Jr. Craniofacial changes in Class III malocclusion as related to skeletal and dental maturation. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2007;132:171.e1-171.e12.10.1016/j.ajodo.2005.07.031
- 71. Jacobson A, Evans WG, Preston CB, Sadowsky PL. Mandibular prognathism. Am J Orthod 1974;66:140-71.10.1016/0002-9416(74)90233-4
- 72. Reyes BC, Baccetti T, McNamara JA Jr. An estimate of craniofacial growth in Class III malocclusion. Angle Orthod 2006;76:577-84.
- 73. Williams S, Andersen CE. The morphology of the potential Class III skeletal pattern in the growing child. Am J Orthod 1986;89:302-11.10.1016/0002-9416(86)90052-7
- 74. Tollaro I, Baccetti T, Bassarelli V, Franchi L. Class III malocclusion in the deciduous dentition: a morphological and correlation study. Eur J Orthod 1994;16:401-8.10.1093/ejo/16.5.401
- 75. Chen F, Terada K, Wu L, Saito I. Longitudinal evaluation of the intermaxillary relationship in Class III malocclusions. Angle Orthod 2006;76:955-61.10.2319/102005-371
- 76. Miyajima K, McNamara JA Jr, Sana M, Murata S. An estimation of craniofacial growth in the untreated Class III female with anterior crossbite. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1997;112:425-34.10.1016/S0889-5406(97)70051-9
- 77. Baccetti T, Franchi L, McNamara JA Jr. Growth in the untreated Class III subject Semin Orthod 2007;13:130-42.
- 78. Chen F, Wu L, Terada K, Saito I. Longitudinal intermaxillary relationships in class III malocclusions with low and high mandibular plane angles. Angle Orthod 2007;77:397-403.10.2319/0003-3219(2007)077[0397:LIRICI]2.0.CO;2
- 79. Battagel JM. The aetiological factors in Class III malocclusion. Eur J Orthod 1993;15:347-70.10.1093/ejo/15.5.347
- 80. Alexander AE, McNamara JA Jr, Franchi L, Baccetti T. Semilongitudinal cephalometric study of craniofacial growth in untreated Class III malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2009;135:700.e1-14; discussion 700-1.10.1016/j.ajodo.2008.06.025
- 81. Baccetti T, Reyes BC, McNamara JA Jr. Gender differences in Class III malocclusion. Angle Orthod 2005;75:510-20.
- 82. Macdonald KE, Kapust AJ, Turley PK. Cephalometric changes after the correction of Class III malocclusion with maxillary expansion/facemask therapy. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1999;116:13-24.10.1016/S0889-5406(99)70298-2
- 83. Wolfe SM, Araujo E, Behrents RG, Buschang PH. Craniofacial growth of Class III subjects six to sixteen years of age. Angle Orthod 2011;81:211-6.10.2319/051010-252.1
- 84. Singh GD. Morphologic determinants in the etiology of class III malocclusions: a review. Clin Anat 1999;12:382-405.10.1002/(SICI)1098-2353(1999)12:5<382::AID-CA9>3.0.CO;2-0
- 85. Yoon SS, Chung CH. Comparison of craniofacial growth of untreated Class I and Class II girls from ages 9 to 18 years: a longitudinal study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2015;147:190-6.10.1016/j.ajodo.2014.10.023
- 86. Angle E. Treatment of malocclusion of the teeth and fractures of the maxillae. 6th edn. Philadelphia: SS White Dental Mfg. Co, 1900;37-40.
- 87. Blair ES. A cephalometric roentgenographic appraisal of the skeletal morphology of Class I, Class II, div. 1, and Class II, div. 2 (Angle) malocclusions. Angle Orthod 1954;24:106-19.
- 88. Darendeliler MA. Validity of randomized clinical trials in evaluating the outcome of Class II treatment. Semin Orthod 2006;12:67-79.10.1053/j.sodo.2005.10.011
- 89. Friedman LM, Furberg CD, DeMets DL, Reboussin DM, Granger CB. Fundamentals of clinical trials. New York: Springer, 2015.10.1007/978-3-319-18539-2
- 90. Weinstein MC. Allocation of subjects in medical experiments. N Engl J Med 1974;291:1278-85.10.1056/NEJM197412122912405
- 91. The American Association of Orthodontists Foundation: AAOF Craniofacial Growth Legacy Collection; 2016.
- 92. Pocock SJ. The combination of randomized and historical controls in clinical trials. J Chronic Dis 1976;29:175-88.10.1016/0021-9681(76)90044-8
- 93. Gibson R, Harrison J. What are we reading? An analysis of the orthodontic literature 1999 to 2008. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2011;139:e471-84.10.1016/j.ajodo.2010.07.023
- 94. Papageorgiou SN, Koretsi V, Jäger A. Bias from historical control groups used in orthodontic research: a meta-epidemiological study. Eur J Orthod 2017;39:98-105.10.1093/ejo/cjw035
- 95. Mavropoulos A, Kiliaridis S. Orthodontic literature: an overview of the last 2 decades. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2003;124:30-40.10.1016/S0889-5406(03)00199-9
- 96. Gehan EA. The evaluation of therapies: historical control studies. Stat Med 1984;3:315-24.10.1002/sim.47800304056528131
- 97. da Silva Filho OG, Ferrari Júnior FM, Okada Ozawa T. Dental arch dimensions in Class II division 1 malocclusions with mandibular deficiency. Angle Orthod 2008;78:466-74.10.2319/022307-89.118416613
- 98. Masucci C, Franchi L, Giuntini V, Defraia E. Short-term effects of a modified Alt-RAMEC protocol for early treatment of Class III malocclusion: a controlled study. Orthod Craniofac Res 2014;17:259-69.10.1111/ocr.12051
- 99. Kalavritinos M, Papadopoulos MA, Nasiopoulos A. Dental arch and cephalometric changes following treatment for class III malocclusion by means of the function regulator (FR-3) appliance. J Orofac Orthop 2005;66:135-47.10.1007/s00056-005-0438-z
- 100. Angelieri F, Franchi L, Cevidanes LH, Scanavini MA, McNamara JA Jr. Long-term treatment effects of the FR-2 appliance: a prospective evalution 7 years post-treatment. Eur J Orthod 2014;36:192-9.10.1093/ejo/cjt026
- 101. Jantz RL, Meadows Jantz L. Secular change in craniofacial morphology. Am J Hum Biol 2000;12:327-38.10.1002/(SICI)1520-6300(200005/06)12:3<327::AID-AJHB3>3.0.CO;2-1
- 102. Patcas R, Wiedemeier DB, Markic G, Beit P, Keller H. Evidence of secular trend in mandibular pubertal growth. Eur J Orthod 2017;39:680-5.10.1093/ejo/cjx027
- 103. Antoun JS, Cameron C, Sew Hoy W, Herbison P, Farella M. Evidence of secular trends in a collection of historical craniofacial growth studies. Eur J Orthod 2015;37:60-6.10.1093/ejo/cju007
- 104. Martin D, Danforth ME. An analysis of secular change in the human mandible over the last century. Am J Hum Biol 2009;21:704-6.10.1002/ajhb.20866
- 105. Byar DP. Why data bases should not replace randomized clinical trials. Biometrics 1980;36:337-42.10.2307/2529989
- 106. Sacks HS, Chalmers TC, Smith H Jr. Sensitivity and specificity of clinical trials. Randomized v historical controls. Arch Intern Med 1983;143:753-5.10.1001/archinte.1983.00350040143020
- 107. Phelan A, Tarraf NE, Taylor P, Hönscheid R, Drescher D, Baccetti T et al. Skeletal and dental outcomes of a new magnetic functional appliance, the Sydney Magnoglide, in Class II correction. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2012;141:759-72.10.1016/j.ajodo.2012.01.014
- 108. Siara-Olds NJ, Pangrazio-Kulbersh V, Berger J, Bayirli B. Longterm dentoskeletal changes with the Bionator, Herbst, Twin Block, and MARA functional appliances. Angle Orthod 2010;80:18-29.10.2319/020109-11.1897873519852635
- 109. Ghislanzoni LT, Toll DE, Defraia E, Baccetti T, Franchi L. Treatment and posttreatment outcomes induced by the Mandibular Advancement Repositioning Appliance; a controlled clinical study. Angle Orthod 2011;81:684-91.10.2319/111010-656.1891974621299408
- 110. Ghislanzoni LT, Baccetti T, Toll D, Defraia E, McNamara JA Jr, Franchi L. Treatment timing of MARA and fixed appliance therapy of Class II malocclusion. Eur J Orthod 2013;35:394-400.10.1093/ejo/cjs02322423185
- 111. Franchi L, Alvetro L, Giuntini V, Masucci C, Defraia E, Baccetti T. Effectiveness of comprehensive fixed appliance treatment used with the Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device in Class II patients. Angle Orthod 2011;81:678-83.10.2319/102710-629.1891973921299410
- 112. Barrett AA, Baccetti T, McNamara JA Jr. Treatment effects of the light-force chincup. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2010;138:468-76.10.1016/j.ajodo.2008.12.02420889053
- 113. Baccetti T, Franchi L, Stahl F. Comparison of 2 comprehensive Class II treatment protocols including the bonded Herbst and headgear appliances: a double-blind study of consecutively treated patients at puberty. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2009;135:698.e1-10; discussion 698-9.10.1016/j.ajodo.2008.03.01519524823
- 114. Arman A, Ufuk Toygar T, Abuhijleh E. Evaluation of maxillary protraction and fixed appliance therapy in Class III patients. Eur J Orthod 2006;28:383-92.10.1093/ejo/cjl00816731542
- 115. Arman A, Toygar TU, Abuhijleh E. Profile changes associated with different orthopedic treatment approaches in Class III malocclusions. Angle Orthod 2004;74:733-40.
- 116. Al-Jewair TS, Preston CB, Moll EM, Dischinger T. A comparison of the MARA and the AdvanSync functional appliances in the treatment of Class II malocclusion. Angle Orthod 2012;82:907-14.10.2319/090411-569.1882310322214390
- 117. Papageorgiou SN, Xavier GM, Cobourne MT. Basic study design influences the results of orthodontic clinical investigations. J Clin Epidemiol 2015;68:1512-22.10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.03.00825910911
Language: English
Page range: 61 - 69
Submitted on: Aug 1, 2017
Accepted on: Feb 1, 2017
Published on: Jul 20, 2021
Published by: Australian Society of Orthodontists Inc.
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year
Related subjects:
© 2021 Morgan Wishney, M. Ali Darendeliler, Oyku Dalci, published by Australian Society of Orthodontists Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.