Local orthodontic force initiates widespread remodelling of the maxillary alveolar bone

Gong, Xinyi; Huang, Xiangru; Yang, Yiling; Zhou, Siru; Dai, Qinggang; Jiang, Lingyong

doi:10.21307/aoj-2020-020

Abstract

Objectives

To clarify the effects of a local orthodontic force on alveolar bone by analysing bone remodelling in different regions of the maxilla during orthodontic tooth movement (OTM).

Methods

An OTM model was established in rats. Histological changes in the maxilla were analysed using TRAP staining, IHC staining for CTSK and haematoxylin and eosin (H and E) staining. The root bifurcation region of the alveolar bone of the first (M1), second (M2) and third (M3) molars were selected as the regions of interest (ROIs), which were further divided into a cervical and an apical level. Sequential fluorochrome labelling was performed to analyse bone deposition rates.

Results

The maxillary left first molars were moved mesially. TRAP staining and IHC staining for CTSK showed orthodontic force increased osteoclast numbers in all six ROIs at both the cervical and apical levels. H and E staining indicated elevated osteoblast numbers in the OTM group in all induced regions. Sequential fluorochrome labelling exhibited increased bone deposition rates around M1, M2 and M3 in the OTM group.

Conclusions

An orthodontic force applied to the first molar could initiate widespread remodelling of the maxillary alveolar bone, which was not restricted to the tension and pressure sites. This may revise the orthodontic biomechanical theory and provide new insights for clinical work.

References

1. Li Y, Jacox LA, Little SH, Ko CC. Orthodontic tooth movement: The biology and clinical implications. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2018;34:207-14.10.1016/j.kjms.2018.01.007
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
2. Baloul SS. Osteoclastogenesis and Osteogenesis during Tooth Movement. Front Oral Biol 2016;18:75-9.10.1159/000351901
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
3. Isola G, Matarese G, Cordasco G, Perillo L, Ramaglia L. Mechanobiology of the tooth movement during the orthodontic treatment: a literature review. Minerva Stomatol 2016;65:299-327.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
4. Lilja E, Lindskog S, Hammarström L. Orthodontic forces and periodontal compression. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 1981;39:367-78.10.3109/00016358109162709
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
5. Dutra EH, Nanda R, Yadav S. Bone Response of Loaded Periodontal Ligament. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2016;14:280-3.10.1007/s11914-016-0328-x
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
6. Katona TR, Paydar NH, Akay HU, Roberts WE. Stress analysis of bone modeling response to rat molar orthodontics. J Biomech 1995;28:27-38.10.1016/0021-9290(94)E0041-Z
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
7. Yu JH, Huang HL, Liu CF, Wu J, Li YF, Tsai MT et al. Does Orthodontic Treatment Affect the Alveolar Bone Density? Medicine 2016;95:e3080.10.1097/MD.0000000000003080499892226962841
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
8. Bumann A, Carvalho RS, Schwarzer CL, Yen EH. Collagen synthesis from human PDL cells following orthodontic tooth movement. Eur J Orthod 1997;19:29-37.10.1093/ejo/19.1.299071043
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
9. Kitaura H, Kimura K, Ishida M, Sugisawa H, Kohara H, Yoshimatsu M et al. Effect of cytokines on osteoclast formation and bone resorption during mechanical force loading of the periodontal membrane. Scientific World Journal 2014;2014:617032.10.1155/2014/617032391609824574904
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
10. Wolff J. Das gesetz der transformation der knochen. A Hirshwald 1892;1:1-152.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
11. Katsimbri P. The biology of normal bone remodelling. Eur J Cancer Care 2017;26.10.1111/ecc.1274028786518
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
12. Robling AG, Castillo AB, Turner CH. Biomechanical and molecular regulation of bone remodeling. Annual Rev Biomed Eng 2006;8:455-98.10.1146/annurev.bioeng.8.061505.09572116834564
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
13. Lang T, LeBlanc A, Evans H, Lu Y, Genant H, Yu A. Cortical and trabecular bone mineral loss from the spine and hip in long-duration spaceflight. J Bone Miner Res 2004;19:1006-12.10.1359/JBMR.04030715125798
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
14. Sibonga JD. Spaceflight-induced bone loss: is there an osteoporosis risk? Curr Osteoporos Rep 2013;11:92-8.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
15. Ishijima M, Tsuji K, Rittling SR, Yamashita T, Kurosawa H, Denhardt DT et al. Resistance to unloading-induced three-dimensional bone loss in osteopontin-deficient mice. J Bone Miner Res 2002;17:661-7.10.1359/jbmr.2002.17.4.66111918223
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
16. Frost HM. The regional acceleratory phenomenon: a review. Henry Ford Hosp Med J 1983;31:3-9.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
17. Tanne K, Nagataki T, Matsubara S, Kato J, Terada Y, Sibaguchi T et al. Association between mechanical stress and bone remodeling. J Osaka Univ Dent Sch 1990;30:64-71.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
18. Raggatt LJ, Partridge NC. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of bone remodeling. J Biol Chem 2010;285:25103-8.10.1074/jbc.R109.041087291907120501658
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
19. Ren Y, Maltha JC, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM. Optimum force magnitude for orthodontic tooth movement: a systematic literature review. Angle Orthod 2003;73:86-92.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
20. Sprogar S, Vaupotic T, Cör A, Drevensek M, Drevensek G. The endothelin system mediates bone modeling in the late stage of orthodontic tooth movement in rats. Bone 2008;43:740-7.10.1016/j.bone.2008.06.01218656564
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
21. Yuan Q, Jiang Y, Zhao X, Sato T, Densmore M, Schüler C et al. Increased osteopontin contributes to inhibition of bone mineralization in FGF23-deficient mice. J Bone Miner Res 2014;29:693-704.10.1002/jbmr.2079393730224038141
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
22. Dai Q, Zhou S, Zhang P, Ma X , Ha N, Yang X et al. Force-induced increased osteogenesis enables accelerated orthodontic tooth movement in ovariectomized rats. Sci Rep 2017;7:3906.10.1038/s41598-017-04422-0547859428634415
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
23. Tanaka M, Miyazawa K, Tabuchi M, Yabumoto T, Kadota M, Yoshizako M et al. Effect of Reveromycin A on experimental tooth movement in OPG-/-mice. J Dent Res 2012;91:771-610.1177/002203451245102622674934
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
24. Jiang X, Zhao J, Wang S, Sun X, Zhang X, Chen J et al. Mandibular repair in rats with premineralized silk scaffolds and BMP-2-modified bMSCs. Biomaterials 2009;30:4522-32.10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.05.021287169819501905
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
25. Parfitt AM, Drezner MK, Glorieux FH, Kanis JA, Malluche H, Meunier PJ et al. Bone histomorphometry: standardization of nomenclature, symbols, and units. Report of the ASBMR Histomorphometry Nomenclature Committee. J Bone Miner Res 1987;2:595-610.10.1002/jbmr.56500206173455637
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
26. Lu W, Zhang X, Firth F, Mei L, Yi J, Gong C et al. Sclerostin injection enhances orthodontic tooth movement in rats. Arch Oral Biol 2019;99:43-50.10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.12.01130605820
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
27. Lilja E, Lindskog S, Hammarström L. Alkaline phosphatase activity and tetracycline incorporation during initial orthodontic tooth movement in rats. Acta Odontol Scand 1984;42:1-11.10.3109/00016358409041125
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
28. Tsai CY, Yang TK, Hsieh HY, Yang LY. Comparison of the effects of micro-osteoperforation and corticision on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement in rats. Angle Orthod 2016;86:558-64.10.2319/052015-343.1
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
29. Yang CY, Jeon HH, Alshabab A, Lee YJ, Chung CH, Graves DT. RANKL deletion in periodontal ligament and bone lining cells blocks orthodontic tooth movement. Int J Oral Sci 2018;10:3.10.1038/s41368-017-0004-8
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
30. Frost HM. A 2003 update of bone physiology and Wolff’s Law for clinicians. Angle Orthod 2004;74:3-15.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
31. Meeran NA. Biological response at the cellular level within the periodontal ligament on application of orthodontic force - An update. J Orthod Sci 2012;1:2-10.10.4103/2278-0203.94769
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
32. Mao Y, Wang L, Zhu Y, Liu Y, Dai H, Zhou J et al. Tension force-induced bone formation in orthodontic tooth movement via modulation of the GSK-3beta/beta-catenin signaling pathway. J Mol Histol 2018;49:75-84.10.1007/s10735-017-9748-x
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
33. Verna C, Zaffe D, Siciliani G. Histomorphometric study of bone reactions during orthodontic tooth movement in rats. Bone 1999;24:371-9.10.1016/S8756-3282(99)00009-5
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
34. Verna C. Regional Acceleratory Phenomenon. Front Oral Biol 2015;18:28-35.10.1159/00035189726599115
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
35. Lee W. Corticotomy for orthodontic tooth movement. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg 2018;44:251-8.10.5125/jkaoms.2018.44.6.251632701630637238
Search in Google Scholar Back to article