Figure 1.
![Impact of fire on the environment (based on [2])](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647070a983f1392090d69885/j_acee-2022-008_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKFZY3VAUN%2F20260201%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260201T152956Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEAQaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQCGEyXfGg%2FhpFqUKQga7AEp63waSISTZDplhvsD6%2FExVwIhANRFyT%2BmTxBepcncKm8C%2B%2F03ZpltgrAurcVjYW70oRVNKsUFCM3%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEQAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgyCzo2CUMvfyjelsTUqmQWft9VnA9x6ApaDafl4Rg%2BV2KUS21aVE6wDmghBb%2BY6zdF17EKD2i7DKOIGwaSQcuHxdQ1rYuTgo9c494AJZkrj0c7rcs5jarFcPkVNgNQ7Xnc%2BpYoepDNJ4R%2BLeWj5FEYd%2FSJix1nt3W4tLjkzrIXE0BpeTdTJftmtkU08Rimy9ieP0B6WtwepLA9TooFhg0Qw6y3htwgG6sDSkS7Hci%2BDmINc8TCgu%2BAiV5UgffX3KxWiJbNIEjvYmNWn3%2BTKS4qNHsdLkLQjUuZCN%2F6bv4TqCNeuRPXZG6emtuf5bQlCQliAY2yufl%2B2xMnRgaNoDiAoqlbdO5xEbUn%2BJZOioAcy5hCNGnn4NOWKf1o2HabsK4Tv5kGQ%2FzHOWmPHA0%2Fx3WYydCZm6vQbr9AIkP48fliFX19PWMmnOs62UhGe7Zccrsb8j%2FcUdhkKg73Fp2Kl1sAKVhWC7aFtJ%2Bu5abds%2FWiCx6IKaAPfsL7NdvNtTUD%2BeVlwgzb6vitW6oJaEVRpBg6o1FQCuG1w4L5WQOpSUtrTDgDhPwpEMYCfxTwE47Yz3ZXUFyTrY24KflHJghl3KFGFldmJ2KOKA3NCdkweIOef2atyNnZSTGUr82Fli50Cuo0NjL3zIgXbI49XWB6cJCOFRpOiIm8JHQzxgorp5TQa8DJsV4iOC%2BP7EvLn6knE9XjIycUrE%2FUOehel9quvVux7zn3%2B8qdHbqY1gjb9k5xMwwCMGpVZej7wpYMK8tOOBEWaILdCUHGBlXIooMT6%2FYlcNwD%2BNBJcnvkZY%2Bae4aPzU2G4JABJ42WEumh%2FT%2F0FHiOVDLeDRGnrC18YkmonZp1%2FG3JNu2qxJ5npgApQkvX1y0cLeC%2BSBdVdpuMKTTrNP2mfcm%2BLh0r9YDDu8%2FzLBjqwARjnfYhceBQSHf%2BMW4khRQKtUzNIB8Ffu6nP4LeHkKTFurgNv%2BscaEPVFfRjdmNZ34hxcqLL57rWb8TJujgJgsD%2BP9EO3P%2BuQYj2mG20DMzHNP9bx8yZ3k3ALbjL8lotFAP3RL068lweGUGFlgF4V2aMLYdSkW8OX4KZuBKD92Ys22fXRkD3AwbP9IZ9cIhCYXvy%2FsWroKVFGQNwl8sH2%2Fkwjq8Zs7k%2FikIxlwqsE9uo&X-Amz-Signature=ab4f9b1f77286bfa14aa52ef91b113305003ce87bd184c4edb4efdfcd74b2cb0&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 2.
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Figure 11.
Assumptions set in the model
| Assumption | Value |
|---|---|
| Door to the room where fire ignites | Open |
| Door to stairwell (5) | Open |
| Smoke detector | Cleary Ionization I1 |
| Fire ventilation | Natural – inlet air opening in the basement and smoke damper on the roof |
| Fire ventilation activation | Activates via smoke detector |
Door opening activation time
| Time, s | ||
|---|---|---|
| Event | V1 | V2 |
| Closing | When the smoke detector activates | |
| Opening | 60 | 55 |
| Closing | 90 | 70 |
| Opening | 150 | 80 |
| Closing | 180 | 90 |
| Opening | 200 | 110 |
| Closing | 215 | 125 |
The maximum permitted concentrations of pollutants [19]
| Maximum permissible concentration during a work shift (NDS), mg/m3 | Instantaneous maximum allowed concentration, not longer than 15 min (NDSCh), mg/m3 | Concentration value that must not be exceeded in the working environment at any time (NDSP), mg/m3 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Benzene | 1.6 | - | - |
| Toluene | 100 | 200 | - |
| Formaldehyde | 0.37 | 0.74 | - |
| Acetaldehyde | - | - | 45 |
| Phenol | 7.8 | 16 | - |
| Benzoic acid | - | - | - |
Fuel properties
| Fuel Type | HRRPUA, kW/m2 | Composition, atoms | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Simple Chemistry Model | 500 | Carbon | Hydrogen | Oxygen | Nitrogen |
| 6.3 | 7.1 | 2.1 | 1.0 | ||
Material properties
| Properties | Material | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Gypsum plaster | Concrete | PVC | |
| Density, kg/m3 | 1440 | 2280 | 1380 |
| Specific Heat, kJ/(kg·K) | 0.84 | 1.04 | custom |
| Conductivity, W/(m·K) | 0.48 | 1.8 | custom |
| Emissivity | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.95 |
Mass yields [7] and calculated mass fluxes for selected pollutants
| HRRPUA = 500 kW/m2 | ||
| EHC (PUR) = 21 MJ/kg | ||
| Yi, kg/kg | Fi, kg/m2s | |
| Benzene | 4.897.10-3 | 11.70.10-5 |
| Toluene | 0.459.10-3 | 1.09.10-5 |
| Formaldehyde | 9.30.10-4 | 2.21.10-5 |
| Acetaldehyde | 1.21.10-3 | 2.88.10-5 |
| Phenol | 4.30.10-4 | 1.02.10-5 |
| Benzoic acid | 7.65.10-3 | 1.82.10-4 |