Figure 1.
Impact of fire on the environment (based on [2])
Figure 2.
The layout of the staircase and corridor model: a) front view; b) back view
Table 1.
Material properties
| Properties | Material | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Gypsum plaster | Concrete | PVC | |
| Density, kg/m3 | 1440 | 2280 | 1380 |
| Specific Heat, kJ/(kg·K) | 0.84 | 1.04 | custom |
| Conductivity, W/(m·K) | 0.48 | 1.8 | custom |
| Emissivity | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.95 |
Table 2.
Assumptions set in the model
| Assumption | Value |
|---|---|
| Door to the room where fire ignites | Open |
| Door to stairwell (5) | Open |
| Smoke detector | Cleary Ionization I1 |
| Fire ventilation | Natural – inlet air opening in the basement and smoke damper on the roof |
| Fire ventilation activation | Activates via smoke detector |
Table 3.
Fuel properties
| Fuel Type | HRRPUA, kW/m2 | Composition, atoms | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Simple Chemistry Model | 500 | Carbon | Hydrogen | Oxygen | Nitrogen |
| 6.3 | 7.1 | 2.1 | 1.0 | ||
Figure 3.
Heat release rate
Table 4.
Mass yields [7] and calculated mass fluxes for selected pollutants
| HRRPUA = 500 kW/m2 | ||
| EHC (PUR) = 21 MJ/kg | ||
| Yi, kg/kg | Fi, kg/m2s | |
| Benzene | 4.897.10-3 | 11.70.10-5 |
| Toluene | 0.459.10-3 | 1.09.10-5 |
| Formaldehyde | 9.30.10-4 | 2.21.10-5 |
| Acetaldehyde | 1.21.10-3 | 2.88.10-5 |
| Phenol | 4.30.10-4 | 1.02.10-5 |
| Benzoic acid | 7.65.10-3 | 1.82.10-4 |
Figure 4.
The layout of: (a) the thermocouples in the model; (b) the 2d output slices; (c) the gas phase devices
Figure 5.
Temperatures at the measurement points
Table 5.
The maximum permitted concentrations of pollutants [19]
| Maximum permissible concentration during a work shift (NDS), mg/m3 | Instantaneous maximum allowed concentration, not longer than 15 min (NDSCh), mg/m3 | Concentration value that must not be exceeded in the working environment at any time (NDSP), mg/m3 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Benzene | 1.6 | - | - |
| Toluene | 100 | 200 | - |
| Formaldehyde | 0.37 | 0.74 | - |
| Acetaldehyde | - | - | 45 |
| Phenol | 7.8 | 16 | - |
| Benzoic acid | - | - | - |
Figure 6.
Concentration of: (a) benzene; (b) toluene; (c) formaldehyde
Figure 7.
Concentration of: (a) acetaldehyde; (b) phenol; (c) benzoic acid
Figure 8.
Visibility in the corridor: (a) after 111 seconds; (b) after 152 seconds
Figure 9.
Visibility in the staircase in: (a) 193 seconds; (b) 600 seconds
Table 6.
Door opening activation time
| Time, s | ||
|---|---|---|
| Event | V1 | V2 |
| Closing | When the smoke detector activates | |
| Opening | 60 | 55 |
| Closing | 90 | 70 |
| Opening | 150 | 80 |
| Closing | 180 | 90 |
| Opening | 200 | 110 |
| Closing | 215 | 125 |
Figure 10.
Simulation V1 – Visibility in the staircase in: (a) 193 seconds; (b) 600 seconds
Figure 11.
Simulation V2 – Visibility in the staircase in: (a) 193 seconds; (b) 600 seconds