Figure 1.
![Impact of fire on the environment (based on [2])](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647070a983f1392090d69885/j_acee-2022-008_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251206%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251206T125908Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=20a7c7489137a5717671bbe8bb12cd92c0da088fb228fc9705d0b68c5425418e&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
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Assumptions set in the model
| Assumption | Value |
|---|---|
| Door to the room where fire ignites | Open |
| Door to stairwell (5) | Open |
| Smoke detector | Cleary Ionization I1 |
| Fire ventilation | Natural – inlet air opening in the basement and smoke damper on the roof |
| Fire ventilation activation | Activates via smoke detector |
Door opening activation time
| Time, s | ||
|---|---|---|
| Event | V1 | V2 |
| Closing | When the smoke detector activates | |
| Opening | 60 | 55 |
| Closing | 90 | 70 |
| Opening | 150 | 80 |
| Closing | 180 | 90 |
| Opening | 200 | 110 |
| Closing | 215 | 125 |
The maximum permitted concentrations of pollutants [19]
| Maximum permissible concentration during a work shift (NDS), mg/m3 | Instantaneous maximum allowed concentration, not longer than 15 min (NDSCh), mg/m3 | Concentration value that must not be exceeded in the working environment at any time (NDSP), mg/m3 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Benzene | 1.6 | - | - |
| Toluene | 100 | 200 | - |
| Formaldehyde | 0.37 | 0.74 | - |
| Acetaldehyde | - | - | 45 |
| Phenol | 7.8 | 16 | - |
| Benzoic acid | - | - | - |
Fuel properties
| Fuel Type | HRRPUA, kW/m2 | Composition, atoms | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Simple Chemistry Model | 500 | Carbon | Hydrogen | Oxygen | Nitrogen |
| 6.3 | 7.1 | 2.1 | 1.0 | ||
Material properties
| Properties | Material | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Gypsum plaster | Concrete | PVC | |
| Density, kg/m3 | 1440 | 2280 | 1380 |
| Specific Heat, kJ/(kg·K) | 0.84 | 1.04 | custom |
| Conductivity, W/(m·K) | 0.48 | 1.8 | custom |
| Emissivity | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.95 |
Mass yields [7] and calculated mass fluxes for selected pollutants
| HRRPUA = 500 kW/m2 | ||
| EHC (PUR) = 21 MJ/kg | ||
| Yi, kg/kg | Fi, kg/m2s | |
| Benzene | 4.897.10-3 | 11.70.10-5 |
| Toluene | 0.459.10-3 | 1.09.10-5 |
| Formaldehyde | 9.30.10-4 | 2.21.10-5 |
| Acetaldehyde | 1.21.10-3 | 2.88.10-5 |
| Phenol | 4.30.10-4 | 1.02.10-5 |
| Benzoic acid | 7.65.10-3 | 1.82.10-4 |