Figure 1.
![Hysteresis curves of walls that failed diagonal tension a) shaking table tests b) QS-cyclic tests [22]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470707b83f1392090d6986a/j_acee-2021-032_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251022%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251022T141157Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=3ac575e8872a946ec26fe281a76a69ded1424fb3d150d4394b6cb3f7f185d6bd&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 2.
![The tensile stress at the coupled and core wall systems [27]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470707b83f1392090d6986a/j_acee-2021-032_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251022%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251022T141157Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=2ff2e47fda631ae5c32ffbc062b3424f30f75d1573d4c18a03b2e8c7fb83a922&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 3.
![Pictures of tested shear walls [27]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470707b83f1392090d6986a/j_acee-2021-032_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251022%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251022T141157Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=f30d3be07b29fee6d2c395170d3982ba2993f6f00d6bc35e1602e43e75370b63&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 4.

Figure 5.
![The finite element model a) shear wall b) reinforcement bars c) geometries and reinforcement details of analyzed shear wall [40]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470707b83f1392090d6986a/j_acee-2021-032_fig_005.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251022%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251022T141157Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=785f33c7ffa6235078460c4f0f5818e31fc997714e04093dc46a4104fd54a93e&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 6.
![Load-displacement hysteresis curves of the shear walls [40]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470707b83f1392090d6986a/j_acee-2021-032_fig_006.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251022%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251022T141157Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=ec5dc35ad140239f9d90bd4200eccee5d059a9a6d916c956a2111e54799a89f0&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 7.
![Reinforcement layouts of shear walls [43]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470707b83f1392090d6986a/j_acee-2021-032_fig_007.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251022%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251022T141157Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=f52b507ae1995607d5a2d3968e13cb64b2d26027dde24555fb2fa5453eaf5486&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 8.
![Tensile stress-strain relationship of the reinforcements and reinforcement details of the shear walls [44]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470707b83f1392090d6986a/j_acee-2021-032_fig_008.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251022%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251022T141157Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=23db38e77570b87c818c5a52a9362bf5897eb4bc42f7e06428eb2606935566e5&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 9.
![Reinforcement details and hysteric loops of the specimens [7]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470707b83f1392090d6986a/j_acee-2021-032_fig_009.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251022%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251022T141157Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=1b0c1a0b3f8ed4bd4b1cd7e440eb02da5926cdcc337c4efd89cf5497f425e9ea&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 10.
![Coupled shear wall systems [56]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470707b83f1392090d6986a/j_acee-2021-032_fig_010.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251022%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251022T141157Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=7e92ce6c614724143b618dad2487ce02e49f9bfbc3a923c889f8a25f541d98e7&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 11.
![Crack patterns of CSWs [56]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470707b83f1392090d6986a/j_acee-2021-032_fig_011.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251022%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251022T141157Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=c8ef58162d931418fb938b17d51b35ca098891eab506dc480e61b9353eea4231&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 12.
![Geometry and dimensions of tested specimens [60]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470707b83f1392090d6986a/j_acee-2021-032_fig_012.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251022%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251022T141157Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=7eee0c6876fa4ba00f3b4ac534065468e637fac1d0424f82181cb18ef58cd048&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 13.
![Different types of CFDSP shear walls [69]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470707b83f1392090d6986a/j_acee-2021-032_fig_013.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251022%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251022T141157Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=40540a4cc4dc2879fb13aa1a39745ae9fcf095d86457ea7293fbc9fc98c621c6&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 14.
![Composite structural systems [68]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470707b83f1392090d6986a/j_acee-2021-032_fig_014.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251022%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251022T141157Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=e0594573d76f3a7a8cdab8e96f1f346bc3217eb657410f7590ced676138d710d&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 15.
![Shear wall parameters and the results of hysteric curves of tested specimens [69]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470707b83f1392090d6986a/j_acee-2021-032_fig_015.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251022%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251022T141157Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=38f03bc9687df0bbf83f1f02985293119bac5a5549ba386d6a1534180a68f791&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 16.
![Traditional and innovative shear walls [74]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470707b83f1392090d6986a/j_acee-2021-032_fig_016.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251022%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251022T141157Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=19351bd9c4edcc17bef67671fa804ed30ff2a0cfd9b387a71cb1449fa4553c3d&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 17.
![Hierarchical order of failure modes of composite shear walls [74]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470707b83f1392090d6986a/j_acee-2021-032_fig_017.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251022%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251022T141157Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=1db1091db5556313e7375eb38633df8e81bd8c11a24952f1dc850f1d36c9d46a&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 18.

Figure 19.

Figure 20.

Figure 21.

Figure 22.

Figure 23.
![Reinforcement details for shear walls with openings [57]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470707b83f1392090d6986a/j_acee-2021-032_fig_023.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251022%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251022T141157Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=02cc4bf1bcfaf8ba70a9c0310f0f316c83a4c6bd9f31f83cec44cc085a890808&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 24.

Figure 25.

Axial load ratio of analyzed shear walls [40]
Shear wall | Axial load ratio | Axial load (kN) |
---|---|---|
SW1 | 0.1 | 497 |
SW2 | 0.2 | 994 |
SW3 | 0.3 | 1491 |
SW4 | 0.4 | 1988 |
SW5 | 0.5 | 2485 |
SW6 | 0.6 | 2982 |
Shear wall parameters of tested specimens [69]
Specimen | Cross section (mm x mm) | Shear span ratio | Cubic compressive strength of concrete | Mesh reinforcement | Steel plate thickness of boundary column (mm) | Steel plate thickness of wall body (mm) | Steel content ratio (%) | Axial compressive force (kN) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CFSCW-1 | 1284x214 | 2.0 | 87.5 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 7.1 | 7375 |
CFSCW-2 | 1284x214 | 2.0 | 86.1 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 7.1 | 7319 |
CFSCW-3 | 1284x214 | 2.0 | 86.1 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 7.1 | 7319 |
CFSCW-4 | 1284x214 | 2.0 | 89.8 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 5.8 | 7535 |
CFSCW-5 | 1284x214 | 2.0 | 88..1 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 4.6 | 7404 |
CFSCW-6 | 1284x214 | 2.0 | 65.0 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 7.1 | 5863 |
CFSCW-7 | 1284x214 | 2.0 | 102.6 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 7.1 | 7900 |
CFSCW-8 | 1284x214 | 2.0 | 88.4 | 0 | 6 | 4 | 7.1 | 7807 |
CFSCW-9 | 1284x214 | 2.0 | 83.3 | Ø8@130 | 5 | 5 | 7.1 | 7375 |
CFSCW-10 | 750x125 | 2.0 | 83.7 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 7.1 | 2756 |
CFSCW-11 | 750x125 | 1.5 | 80.7 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 7.1 | 2718 |
CFSCW-12 | 750x125 | 1.0 | 88.0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 7.1 | 2816 |
The dimensions and reinforcement characteristics of tested shear walls [38]
Concrete Type | No | Wall | tw (mm) | lw (mm) | hw/lw | Web reinforcement | Boundary element | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Layout | ρh,v (%) | Longitudinal | Stirrup(s) | ||||||||
Lay | ρ(%) | Lay | ρ(%) | ||||||||
1L | MCL50M | 102 | 2397 | 1.01 | 3Ø500 mm | 0.14 | 8 ≠ 5 | 0.68 | 2Ø150 mm | 0.42 | |
2L | MCL100M | 101 | 2398 | 1.01 | 3Ø250 mm | 0.28 | 8 ≠ 6 | 0.98 | 0.42 | ||
3L | MCL50C | 101 | 2398 | 1.01 | 3Ø500 mm | 0.14 | 8 ≠ 5 | 0.68 | 0.42 | ||
4L | MCL100C | 101 | 2399 | 1.01 | 3Ø250 mm | 0.28 | 8 ≠ 6 | 0.98 | 0.42 | ||
Lightweight concrete | 5L | MRL100C | 101 | 5413 | 0.45 | 3Ø250 mm | 0.28 | 6 ≠ 6 | 0.32 | 0.42 | |
6L | MRL50mC | 106 | 5415 | 0.44 | mesh 6x6-6/6 | 0.12 | 8 ≠ 5 | 0.21 | 0.40 | ||
7L | MLC50mC | 100 | 2403 | 1.00 | mesh 6x6-6/6 | 0.12 | 6 ≠ 6 | 0.74 | 0.43 | ||
8L | MEL50mC | 100 | 1221 | 1.94 | mesh 6x6-6/6 | 0.12 | 4 ≠ 6 | 0.99 | 0.43 | ||
9L | MCL50mD | 82 | 1917 | 1.00 | mesh 6x6-8/8 | 0.11 | 6 ≠ 5 | 0.79 | 2Ø180 mm | 0.44 | |
10L | MCL50D | 82 | 1912 | 1.00 | 3Ø320 mm | 0.27 | 8 ≠ 5 | 1.06 | 0.44 | ||
1N | MCN50M | 102 | 2402 | 1.01 | 3Ø500 mm | 0.14 | 8 ≠ 5 | 0.67 | 2Ø150 mm | 0.42 | |
2N | MCN100M | 101 | 2402 | 1.01 | 3Ø250 mm | 0.28 | 8 ≠ 6 | 0.98 | 0.42 | ||
3N | MCN50C | 102 | 2399 | 1.01 | 3Ø500 mm | 0.14 | 8 ≠ 5 | 0.68 | 0.42 | ||
4N | MCN100C | 101 | 2397 | 1.01 | 3Ø250 mm | 0.28 | 8 ≠ 6 | 0.98 | 0.42 | ||
Normal weight concrete | 5N | MRN100C | 100 | 5400 | 0.45 | 3Ø250 mm | 0.28 | 4 ≠ 6 | 0.22 | 0.43 | |
6N | MRN50mC | 103 | 5396 | 0.45 | mesh 6x6-6/6 | 0.12 | 8 ≠ 5 | 0.22 | 0.41 | ||
7N | MCN50mC | 103 | 2398 | 1.01 | mesh 6x6-6/6 | 0.12 | 6 ≠ 6 | 0.72 | 0.42 | ||
8N | MEN50mC | 101 | 1239 | 1.99 | mesh 6x6-6/6 | 0.12 | 4 ≠ 6 | 0.96 | 0.42 | ||
9N | MCN50mD | 83 | 1916 | 1.00 | mesh 6x6-8/8 | 0.11 | 6 ≠ 5 | 0.78 | 2Ø180 mm | 0.43 | |
10N | MCN50D | 84 | 1921 | 1.00 | 3Ø320 mm | 0.26 | 8 ≠ 5 | 1.02 | 0.42 |