Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
Figure 7.
Figure 8.
Physical and mechanical properties of steel fibers
| Fiber type | Length (mm) | Diameter (mm) | Aspect ratio | Density | Tensile strength (MPa) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Steel fibers | 60 (2.36 inches) | 0.75 (0.03 inches) | 80 | 7.48 | 1050 (min.) |
Measured unit weight and slump values of the mixtures
| Mix ID | Average Unit weight (gr/cm3) | Average Unit weight (lb/gal) | COV* in unit weight (%) | Average Slump value (cm) | Average Slump value (inches) | COV* in slump value (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WP-3 | 2.34 | 19.44 | 0.98 | 12.90 | 5.08 | 1.25 |
| WP-7 | 2.34 | 19.49 | 0.24 | 12.93 | 5.09 | 0.34 |
| WP-28 | 2.34 | 19.50 | 0.65 | 13.03 | 5.13 | 1.60 |
| WS-3 | 2.34 | 19.50 | 0.65 | 11.53 | 4.54 | 1.33 |
| WS-7 | 2.35 | 19.60 | 1.47 | 11.80 | 4.64 | 0.86 |
| WS-28 | 2.32 | 19.38 | 0.49 | 11.63 | 4.57 | 1.82 |
| AP-3 | 2.33 | 19.47 | 0.24 | 12.87 | 5.09 | 1.87 |
| AP-7 | 2.34 | 19.49 | 1.50 | 12.83 | 5.05 | 0.46 |
| AP-28 | 2.34 | 19.49 | 0.24 | 12.93 | 5.09 | 1.20 |
| AS-3 | 2.35 | 19.63 | 0.64 | 11.27 | 4.43 | 1.28 |
| AS-7 | 2.31 | 19.24 | 1.09 | 11.33 | 4.46 | 1.37 |
| AS-28 | 2.33 | 19.47 | 0.89 | 11.30 | 4.45 | 0.79 |
| SP-1 | 2.33 | 19.44 | 1.13 | 13.03 | 5.13 | 1.60 |
| SP-7 | 2.33 | 19.47 | 1.23 | 13.07 | 5.14 | 1.87 |
| SP-28 | 2.30 | 19.19 | 1.99 | 13.20 | 5.20 | 0.68 |
| SS-1 | 2.31 | 19.25 | 0.50 | 11.50 | 4.52 | 0.89 |
| SS-7 | 2.32 | 19.36 | 0.43 | 11.27 | 4.44 | 0.52 |
| SS-28 | 2.28 | 19.02 | 1.31 | 11.77 | 4.63 | 2.06 |
Material amounts of mixtures and acronyms of specimens
| Materials | Kg in 1 m3 | Lb in 1 ft3 |
|---|---|---|
| Cement | 295 | 18.41 |
| Water | 174.3 | 10.88 |
| Chemical additive | 2.655 | 0.166 |
| 0-4 mm aggregate | 321 | 20.04 |
| 4-12 mm aggregate | 1153 | 71.98 |
| 12-22 mm aggregate | 423 | 26.40 |
| Steel fiber | 25 | 1.56 |
| WP-3, WP-7, WP-28 | Water-cured Plain specimens at 3, 7 and 28 days, respectively | |
| WS-3, WS-7, WS-28 | Water-cured Steel fiber reinforced specimens at 3, 7 and 28 days, respectively | |
| AP-3, AP-7, AP-28 | Air-cured Plain specimens at 3, 7 and 28 days, respectively | |
| AS-3, AS-7, AS-28 | Air-cured Steel fiber reinforced specimens at 3, 7 and 28 days, respectively | |
| SP-1, SP-7, SP-28 | Steam-cured Plain specimens at 1, 7 and 28 days, respectively | |
| SS-1, SS-7, SS-28 | Steam-cured Steel fiber reinforced specimens at 1, 7 and 28 days, respectively | |
Flexural strength of mixtures
| Mix ID | Average max. flexural load (kN) | Average flexural strength (MPa) | COV in flexural strength (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| WP-28 | 15.22 | 4.06 | 16.28 |
| WS-28 | 18.61 | 4.97 | 15.19 |
| AP-28 | 14.80 | 3.95 | 13.37 |
| AS-28 | 17.07 | 4.55 | 2.01 |
| SP-28 | 15.30 | 4.09 | 16.43 |
| SS-28 | 16.86 | 4.50 | 10.98 |
Application process of steam curing
| Max. temperature (°C) | Initial temperature (°C) | Delay period (hour) | Increment/decrement of temperature (°C/hour) | Duration of max. temperature | Total duration steam curing (hour) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 65 | 15 | 5 | 25 | 8 | 17 |
Compressive strength of mixtures
| Mix ID | Average compressive strength (MPa) | COV in compressive strength (%) |
|---|---|---|
| WP-3 | 11.90 | 5.21 |
| WP-7 | 22.66 | 11.09 |
| WP-28 | 28.76 | 11.37 |
| WS-3 | 13.49 | 8.44 |
| WS-7 | 23.18 | 4.87 |
| WS-28 | 29.38 | 3.37 |
| AP-3 | 11.87 | 10.48 |
| AP-7 | 19.86 | 15.78 |
| AP-28 | 26.04 | 12.76 |
| AS-3 | 12.48 | 8.10 |
| AS-7 | 17.62 | 13.63 |
| AS-28 | 26.35 | 15.19 |
| SP-1 | 13.64 | 10.16 |
| SP-7 | 23.20 | 0.54 |
| SP-28 | 26.00 | 1.84 |
| SS-1 | 13.06 | 7.06 |
| SS-7 | 19.27 | 2.07 |
| SS-28 | 22.96 | 3.66 |
Physical properties of aggregates
| 0–4 mm | 4–12 mm | 4–12 mm | |
|---|---|---|---|
| (0-0.16 inches) | (0.16-0.47 inches) | (0.47-0.86 inches) | |
| Specific gravity | 2.66 | 2.67 | 2.68 |
| Water absorption rate (%) | 2.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 |
| Dry weight | 487 | 903 | 547 |
| Saturated surface dry weight | 500 | 907 | 549 |