Best Available Technologies for Waste Co-Firing Applications

Krzysztof WYKA; Anna SKOREK-OSIKOWSKA

doi:10.21307/acee-2020-012

.blurhash-client-img { display: none !important; }

Best Available Technologies for Waste Co-Firing Applications

Architecture, Civil Engineering, Environment

Volume 13 (2020): Issue 1 (March 2020)

By: Krzysztof WYKA and Anna SKOREK-OSIKOWSKA

Open Access

|Apr 2020

Figures & Tables

Waste management methods in EU in 2019 [5]

Table 1.

Comparison of the CFB, BFB and Grate boiler technologies

Type of boiler	CFB	BFB^*	Grate boiler
Boiler’s efficiency	High	Average	Low
Steam parameters	High ¹	Low	Low
NOx emission	Low	Average	High
Fuels range	Widest 2	Narrow	Wide
Cost of combustion waste management	Average	High	Low
Share of fly ash	20-40%	80%	20%

1* – Bubbling Fluidized Bed ( BFB)

21 – Steam temperature can be up to 50°C higher than in case of other boilers

32 – Fuel share: Coal: 0–100%; Biomass: 0–100%, RDF: 0–100%.

Graphic diagram of the CFB boiler system in connection with the FGT installation

Table 2.

Characteristics of coal

Parameters	Unit	Standardized limits
Lower calorific value	MJ/kg	19-26
Carbon	%	58-78
Hydrogen	%	3-4.5
Nitrogen	%	1-2.6
Sulphur	%	0.4-1.4
Chlorine	%	0.1-0.4
Oxygen	%	5.5-8
Volatile matter	%	28-38
Humidity	%	<10
Bulk density	kg/m³	750-1000
(Na+K)	%	<0.35
Sb	mg/kg	<5
As	mg/kg	<35
Cd	mg/kg	<4
Cr	mg/kg	<346
Co	mg/kg	<55
Cu	mg/kg	<225
Pb	mg/kg	<182
Ni	mg/kg	<227
Sn	mg/kg	<67
V	mg/kg	<333
Hg	mg/kg	<0.2
Zn	mg/kg	<262

Table 3.

Characteristics of RDF

Parameters	Unit	Standardized limits
Lower calorific value	MJ/kg	6-25
Carbon	%	35–40
Hydrogen	%	5-8
Nitrogen	%	0-1
Oxygen	%	25-30
Sulphur	%	<0.5
Chlorine	%	<1
Ash content	%	<15
Volatile matter	%	50-80
Humidity	%	<20
Bulk density	kg/m³	100-300
Sb	ppm	<20
As	ppm	<10
Cd	ppm	<5
Cu	ppm	<150
Pb	ppm	<100
Cu	ppm	<150
Pb	ppm	<100
Ni	ppm	<50
Hg	ppm	<1

Table 4.

Predicted based emissions

Emission component – subject to reduction	Maximum baseline emissions	Unit
Dust	<30^*	g/Nm³
SO2	<2700	mg/Nm³
NOx	<210	mg/Nm³
HCl	<1100	mg/Nm³
HF	<65	mg/Nm³
Hg	<0.06	mg/Nm³
Cd+TI	<1.3	mg/Nm³
Sb+As+Pb+Cr+Co+Cu+Mn+Ni+V	<265	mg/Nm³

1* – The given number refers to the amount of fly ash contained in the flue gas at the CFB outlet.

Table 5.

Minimum emissions monitoring scope and monitoring frequency (BAT-AELs)

Substance	Minimum monitoring frequency^*
Dust	Continuous
SO2	Continuous
NO_x	Continuous
N₂0	Once every year
CO	Continuous
TVOC^{Combustion plant total rated thermal input}**	Continuous
HCL	Coal + RDF firing: continuous (WI) Coal firing: once every 3 months
HF	Coal + RDF firing: continuous (WI) Coal firing: once every 3 months
Metals and metalloids except mercury (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Tl, V, Zn)	Coal + RDF firing – once every 6 months; Coal firing: once every year
Hg	Coal and/or Coal + RDF firing <300MWth⁽¹⁾ – once every 3 months Coal and/or Coal + RDF firing 300MW_th ⁽¹⁾ – continuous
Dioxins and furans (PCDD/PCDF)	Once every 6 months
NH3	Continuous (when SNCR used)

1* – anticipated from 08.2021 (BAT (EU) 2017/1442, 31.07.2017 compliance)

2** – Total Volatile Organic Compound

3(1) – Combustion plant total rated thermal input

Division of the CFB + FGT system emission control range for the co-firing coal with RDF operating mode

Table 6.

Emission levels in case of coal firing (BAT-AELs)

Pollutant	Yearly average emission limit	Unit	BAT no.
Ash	5	mg/Nm³@6%O₂	BAT 22
SO₂	200⁽¹⁾;150⁽²⁾;75⁽³⁾	mg/Nm³@6%O₂	BAT 21
NOx	150⁽¹⁾;100⁽²⁾;85⁽³⁾	mg/Nm³@6%O₂	BAT 20
CO	140⁽⁴⁾;100⁽⁵⁾	mg/Nm³@6%O₂	BAT 20
NH3	10⁽⁷⁾	mg/Nm³@6%O₂	BAT 7
HCL	6⁽¹⁾; 3⁽⁶⁾	mg/Nm³@6%O₂	BAT 21
HF	3⁽¹⁾ 2⁽⁶⁾	mg/Nm³@6%O₂	BAT 21
Hg	3⁽⁴⁾; 2⁽⁵⁾	Hg/Nm³@6%O₂	BAT 23

1(1) - Combustion plant total rated thermal input < 100 MW_th

2(2) - Combustion plant total rated thermal input 100-300 MW_th

3(3) - Combustion plant total rated thermal input ≥ 300 MW_th

4(4) - Combustion plant total rated thermal input < 300 MW_th

5(5) - Combustion plant total rated thermal input ≥ 300 MW_th

6(6) - Combustion plant total rated thermal input ≥ 100 MW_th

7(7) - when SNCR or SCR in use

Table 7.

Emission levels in case for coal and RDF co-firing

Pollutant	Yearly average emission limit	Unit	BAT no.
Ash	5	mg/Nm³@6%0₂	BAT 68
S02	200⁽¹⁾;150⁽²⁾;75⁽³⁾	mg/Nm³@6%0₂	BAT 66
N0_X	150⁽¹⁾;100⁽²⁾;85⁽³⁾	mg/Nm³@6%0₂	BAT 64
CO	140⁽⁴⁾;100⁽⁵⁾	mg/Nm³@6%0₂	BAT 64
NH3	10⁽⁷⁾	mg/Nm³@6%0₂	BAT 7
HCL	6⁽¹⁾;3⁽⁶⁾	mg/Nm³@6%0₂	BAT 66
HF	3⁽¹⁾, 2⁽⁶⁾	mg/Nm³@6%0₂	BAT 66
Hg	3⁽⁴⁾;2⁽⁵⁾	Hg/Nm³@6%0₂	BAT 70
Cd+TI	12⁽⁴⁾;6⁽⁵⁾	Hg/Nm³@6%0₂	BAT 68
TVOC	5	mg/Nm³@6%0₂	BAT 71
PCDD/PCDF	0.03	ng I-TEQ/Nm³@6%0₂	BAT 71
Sb+As+Pb+Cr+Co+Cu+Mn+Ni+V	0.5⁽⁴⁾;0.2⁽⁵⁾	mg/Nm³@6%0₂	BAT 68

1(1) - Combustion plant total rated thermal input < 100 MW_th

2(2) - Combustion plant total rated thermal input 100-300 MW_th

3(3) - Combustion plant total rated thermal input ≥ 300 MW_th

4(4) - Combustion plant total rated thermal input < 300 MW_th

5(5) - Combustion plant total rated thermal input ≥ 300 MW_th

6(6) - Combustion plant total rated thermal input ≥ 100 MW_th

7(7) - when SNCR or SCR in use

Scheme of the fuel feeding to the combustion chamber of a CFB boiler

Main components of the FGT semi-dry flue gas treatment system

Diagram of the emission control systems in CFB+FGT installation

References

Authors

Metrics

Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/acee-2020-012 | Journal eISSN: 2720-6947 (formerly 1899-0142) | Journal ISSN: 1899-0142

Journal RSS Feed

Language: English

Page range: 139 - 150

Submitted on: Jan 14, 2020

Accepted on: Feb 13, 2020

Published on: Apr 8, 2020

Published by: Silesian University of Technology

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

Keywords:

BAT,

CFB,

Combustion,

Emissions,

FGT,

RDF,

Related subjects:

Architecture and design,

Architecture,

Architects, buildings

© 2020 Krzysztof WYKA, Anna SKOREK-OSIKOWSKA, published by Silesian University of Technology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Volume 13 (2020): Issue 1 (March 2020)

Best Available Technologies for Waste Co-Firing Applications

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Table 1.

Figure 3.

Table 2.

Table 3.

Table 4.

Table 5.

Figure 4.

Table 6.

Table 7.

Figure 5.

Figure 6.

Figure 7.

Paradigm

My account