Figure 1.
![Location of TPOK plants in Poland [2]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64706fc283f1392090d697db/j_acee-2020-012_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKFOVSN2HA%2F20260126%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260126T083336Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEG8aDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCri2%2FebMltCuXI7RF4MkrKxqJo8bzqSnkE74zevNO%2B7gIgOH%2BoRjH88UVEvwnXLd5sxsYSThi4h0YOnb4nryfFehEqvAUIOBACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDBcZT3QNPtNAPR4OciqZBRqA1YZFUwjAoiJmlzlSN0gOpbkGPaGhMCAfiXgJMHKff4N%2BekWfbERK7z5NHGYDY%2BgpFPclaqRX3c93Y3Wraxdq95GgrcAhhcHTbjpAEP%2FNmOrO8UPTBTz35NMR8aKBQVgC1qTefRdZX%2F6RL%2F3fUZQaeLQaYCZNCJKMKR5Dii6Qb19fwy%2BKMijPvLFQlYgmpUdi1BFARnZugF1bm2VdnGi9YIehMVl3rJJk6WdzhAvIVVsX9cbfAMUylGhLKQAH9d4ABVDK8MhQDIkCn%2BNS9TQYX7jjCOrCpzlvOSa1hUb1AAEq%2FGAMNa82q5VM6uDs9AJfKt07OXFlGcSGmNyNA%2Fo7g6GLGIZNC0W3SV1lpnDKwldht9hwSR%2FTu0L0m5ju4rdK2tqjCyGDa3KurdrL7w%2FEM8xV9BJ3FHT%2FqGJz5GU%2FYmLuijaSU%2BgddDW0hMS%2Bi%2B8NEomdB8WcsfDgi6pJzO35cJqzdMaz%2B9%2FZymGNgnNTM1A3vI36uRkKdAj1QS6YtjRXF5%2FB9M7JslTWW5RFswnuQRO5cBOt1HdbLPl%2BnQPW88HpBeNqJKi%2FBbDuUX7OlEBlvlUpH9FAv9B%2BG4oatANn6dhMzK3NkZVOzbLRwv0VWNPCwonlyZM5bTN2tTyAJz6gX1QA%2ByulqWlPDUr3w177vwn8G4bvXT3WroWA9h%2B0lsyHUAmqbXSKak8BYrXnWnMyC1bxEv5qJrZUOFqGQKNLKqkAhVhwACAYqA6FMRpMc6FDrrd6IPfsaVZS1jIkOH%2B0P2%2Ftasq%2BuCqmAQ%2BYan%2B5uDKbI5X5aTBoJ%2FlroXIgbXROlKa77MsNX1%2F5X6XyvzWnQd5vt8eD37UDT8AMv3Spimk9NsYToTCPfdwvFif8ccMz%2Fk9ymCg%2FMPuo3MsGOrEBBQeLzO0W1FmzmMl1ybnY%2BZPHMlA7w9zJ2H64qtslMqxaGmu2cWn9K4uHGBiMxNMT8YMigcLZ4ddNLJJI283pIqqmXruyERSBlUepvk8vsmBBOI7FhvmC1spC8Vcn%2FnqrJWiWgl%2BjuEKQ5JXvV4RiEEAqbk0T99vcs4Fo3KI7wVAxBspPmdRGN%2F3oqPZb6JjUprD7VOX%2BgfdbA5QwhUb6vOB7EuJKVsSRa8kGWHdljMNf&X-Amz-Signature=11d7519bb49bc495b1c4cf4090ecdca3a785fae8f35c88ca483f64bb077fd0a7&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 2.
![Waste management methods in EU in 2019 [5]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64706fc283f1392090d697db/j_acee-2020-012_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKFOVSN2HA%2F20260126%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260126T083336Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEG8aDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCri2%2FebMltCuXI7RF4MkrKxqJo8bzqSnkE74zevNO%2B7gIgOH%2BoRjH88UVEvwnXLd5sxsYSThi4h0YOnb4nryfFehEqvAUIOBACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDBcZT3QNPtNAPR4OciqZBRqA1YZFUwjAoiJmlzlSN0gOpbkGPaGhMCAfiXgJMHKff4N%2BekWfbERK7z5NHGYDY%2BgpFPclaqRX3c93Y3Wraxdq95GgrcAhhcHTbjpAEP%2FNmOrO8UPTBTz35NMR8aKBQVgC1qTefRdZX%2F6RL%2F3fUZQaeLQaYCZNCJKMKR5Dii6Qb19fwy%2BKMijPvLFQlYgmpUdi1BFARnZugF1bm2VdnGi9YIehMVl3rJJk6WdzhAvIVVsX9cbfAMUylGhLKQAH9d4ABVDK8MhQDIkCn%2BNS9TQYX7jjCOrCpzlvOSa1hUb1AAEq%2FGAMNa82q5VM6uDs9AJfKt07OXFlGcSGmNyNA%2Fo7g6GLGIZNC0W3SV1lpnDKwldht9hwSR%2FTu0L0m5ju4rdK2tqjCyGDa3KurdrL7w%2FEM8xV9BJ3FHT%2FqGJz5GU%2FYmLuijaSU%2BgddDW0hMS%2Bi%2B8NEomdB8WcsfDgi6pJzO35cJqzdMaz%2B9%2FZymGNgnNTM1A3vI36uRkKdAj1QS6YtjRXF5%2FB9M7JslTWW5RFswnuQRO5cBOt1HdbLPl%2BnQPW88HpBeNqJKi%2FBbDuUX7OlEBlvlUpH9FAv9B%2BG4oatANn6dhMzK3NkZVOzbLRwv0VWNPCwonlyZM5bTN2tTyAJz6gX1QA%2ByulqWlPDUr3w177vwn8G4bvXT3WroWA9h%2B0lsyHUAmqbXSKak8BYrXnWnMyC1bxEv5qJrZUOFqGQKNLKqkAhVhwACAYqA6FMRpMc6FDrrd6IPfsaVZS1jIkOH%2B0P2%2Ftasq%2BuCqmAQ%2BYan%2B5uDKbI5X5aTBoJ%2FlroXIgbXROlKa77MsNX1%2F5X6XyvzWnQd5vt8eD37UDT8AMv3Spimk9NsYToTCPfdwvFif8ccMz%2Fk9ymCg%2FMPuo3MsGOrEBBQeLzO0W1FmzmMl1ybnY%2BZPHMlA7w9zJ2H64qtslMqxaGmu2cWn9K4uHGBiMxNMT8YMigcLZ4ddNLJJI283pIqqmXruyERSBlUepvk8vsmBBOI7FhvmC1spC8Vcn%2FnqrJWiWgl%2BjuEKQ5JXvV4RiEEAqbk0T99vcs4Fo3KI7wVAxBspPmdRGN%2F3oqPZb6JjUprD7VOX%2BgfdbA5QwhUb6vOB7EuJKVsSRa8kGWHdljMNf&X-Amz-Signature=4a6d0bcef1741562acbccb0223a02aaf9deb2767536534cb83fc61c3e79ef9e1&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
Figure 7.
Characteristics of RDF
| Parameters | Unit | Standardized limits |
| Lower calorific value | MJ/kg | 6-25 |
| Carbon | % | 35–40 |
| Hydrogen | % | 5-8 |
| Nitrogen | % | 0-1 |
| Oxygen | % | 25-30 |
| Sulphur | % | <0.5 |
| Chlorine | % | <1 |
| Ash content | % | <15 |
| Volatile matter | % | 50-80 |
| Humidity | % | <20 |
| Bulk density | kg/m3 | 100-300 |
| Sb | ppm | <20 |
| As | ppm | <10 |
| Cd | ppm | <5 |
| Cu | ppm | <150 |
| Pb | ppm | <100 |
| Cu | ppm | <150 |
| Pb | ppm | <100 |
| Ni | ppm | <50 |
| Hg | ppm | <1 |
Predicted based emissions
| Emission component – subject to reduction | Maximum baseline emissions | Unit |
| Dust | <30 * | g/Nm3 |
| SO2 | <2700 | mg/Nm3 |
| NOx | <210 | mg/Nm3 |
| HCl | <1100 | mg/Nm3 |
| HF | <65 | mg/Nm3 |
| Hg | <0.06 | mg/Nm3 |
| Cd+TI | <1.3 | mg/Nm3 |
| Sb+As+Pb+Cr+Co+Cu+Mn+Ni+V | <265 | mg/Nm3 |
Emission levels in case for coal and RDF co-firing
| Pollutant | Yearly average emission limit | Unit | BAT no. |
| Ash | 5 | mg/Nm3@6%02 | BAT 68 |
| S02 | 200 (1) ;150 (2) ;75 (3) | mg/Nm3@6%02 | BAT 66 |
| N0X | 150 (1) ;100 (2) ;85 (3) | mg/Nm3@6%02 | BAT 64 |
| CO | 140 (4) ;100 (5) | mg/Nm3@6%02 | BAT 64 |
| NH3 | 10 (7) | mg/Nm3@6%02 | BAT 7 |
| HCL | 6 (1) ;3 (6) | mg/Nm3@6%02 | BAT 66 |
| HF | 3 (1) , 2 (6) | mg/Nm3@6%02 | BAT 66 |
| Hg | 3 (4) ;2 (5) | Hg/Nm3@6%02 | BAT 70 |
| Cd+TI | 12 (4) ;6 (5) | Hg/Nm3@6%02 | BAT 68 |
| TVOC | 5 | mg/Nm3@6%02 | BAT 71 |
| PCDD/PCDF | 0.03 | ng I-TEQ/Nm3@6%02 | BAT 71 |
| Sb+As+Pb+Cr+Co+Cu+Mn+Ni+V | 0.5 (4) ;0.2 (5) | mg/Nm3@6%02 | BAT 68 |
Comparison of the CFB, BFB and Grate boiler technologies
| Type of boiler | CFB | BFB * | Grate boiler |
| Boiler’s efficiency | High | Average | Low |
| Steam parameters | High 1 | Low | Low |
| NOx emission | Low | Average | High |
| Fuels range | Widest 2 | Narrow | Wide |
| Cost of combustion waste management | Average | High | Low |
| Share of fly ash | 20-40% | 80% | 20% |
Emission levels in case of coal firing (BAT-AELs)
| Pollutant | Yearly average emission limit | Unit | BAT no. |
| Ash | 5 | mg/Nm3@6%O2 | BAT 22 |
| SO2 | 200 (1) ;150 (2) ;75 (3) | mg/Nm3@6%O2 | BAT 21 |
| NOx | 150 (1) ;100 (2) ;85 (3) | mg/Nm3@6%O2 | BAT 20 |
| CO | 140 (4) ;100(5) | mg/Nm3@6%O2 | BAT 20 |
| NH3 | 10 (7) | mg/Nm3@6%O2 | BAT 7 |
| HCL | 6 (1) ; 3 (6) | mg/Nm3@6%O2 | BAT 21 |
| HF | 3 (1) 2 (6) | mg/Nm3@6%O2 | BAT 21 |
| Hg | 3 (4) ; 2 (5) | Hg/Nm3@6%O2 | BAT 23 |
Minimum emissions monitoring scope and monitoring frequency (BAT-AELs)
| Substance | Minimum monitoring frequency * |
| Dust | Continuous |
| SO2 | Continuous |
| NOx | Continuous |
| N20 | Once every year |
| CO | Continuous |
| TVOCCombustion plant total rated thermal input** | Continuous |
| HCL | Coal + RDF firing: continuous (WI) Coal firing: once every 3 months |
| HF | Coal + RDF firing: continuous (WI) Coal firing: once every 3 months |
| Metals and metalloids except mercury (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Tl, V, Zn) | Coal + RDF firing – once every 6 months; |
| Hg | Coal and/or Coal + RDF firing <300MWth (1) – once every 3 months Coal and/or Coal + RDF firing 300MWth (1) – continuous |
| Dioxins and furans (PCDD/PCDF) | Once every 6 months |
| NH3 | Continuous (when SNCR used) |
Characteristics of coal
| Parameters | Unit | Standardized limits |
| Lower calorific value | MJ/kg | 19-26 |
| Carbon | % | 58-78 |
| Hydrogen | % | 3-4.5 |
| Nitrogen | % | 1-2.6 |
| Sulphur | % | 0.4-1.4 |
| Chlorine | % | 0.1-0.4 |
| Oxygen | % | 5.5-8 |
| Volatile matter | % | 28-38 |
| Humidity | % | <10 |
| Bulk density | kg/m3 | 750-1000 |
| (Na+K) | % | <0.35 |
| Sb | mg/kg | <5 |
| As | mg/kg | <35 |
| Cd | mg/kg | <4 |
| Cr | mg/kg | <346 |
| Co | mg/kg | <55 |
| Cu | mg/kg | <225 |
| Pb | mg/kg | <182 |
| Ni | mg/kg | <227 |
| Sn | mg/kg | <67 |
| V | mg/kg | <333 |
| Hg | mg/kg | <0.2 |
| Zn | mg/kg | <262 |