Table 1.
Properties of tested soils
| Parameter | Standard | Soil_1 | Soil_2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Plastic limit [%] | PN-88/B-04481 | 19 | 29 [11] |
| Liquid limit [%] | PN-88/B-04481 | 28 | 66 [11] |
| Plasticity index [%] | PN-88/B-04481 | 9 | 37 [11] |
| Optimum water content [%] | PN-EN 13286-2 Proctor test method A | 14 [10] | 21 [11] |
| Maximum bulk density [g/cm3] | PN-EN 13286-2 Proctor test method A | 1.85 [10] | 1.63 [11] |
| Loss on ignition [%] | PN-88 B-04481:1988 | 1.9 [10] | 4.8 [11] |
| Specific density [g/cm3] | PN-88 B-04481:1988 | 2.6 [10] | 2.7 [11] |
| pH | ASTM-D 4972-01 1998 | 6.2 | 7.5 |
Table 2.
Oxide composition of fly ash from Bełchatów power plant tested with XRF according to ISO 29851-2:2010
| Component | The content after conversion into the initial state [% mass (% m/m)] | |
|---|---|---|
| fly ash | cement kiln dust | |
| SiO2 | 42.56 | 18.29 |
| Al2O3 | 18.81 | 4.57 |
| Fe2O3 | 4.51 | 2.16 |
| CaO including free CaO | 24.14 2.06 | 64.19 21.39 |
| MgO | 1.40 | 1.32 |
| Na2O | 0.22 | 0.48 |
| K2O | 0.21 | 0.99 |
| SO3 | 2.74 | 3.03 |
| TiO2 | 1.32 | 0.23 |
| P2O5 | 0.13 | 0.12 |
| ZnO | 0.02 | 0.23 |
| residue | 0.27 | 4.16 |
Figure 1.
Proctor compaction curves obtained for the Soil_1 and Soil_2 (based on [10, 11])
Figure 2.
Grain size distribution of the soils used in the study according to PN-EN ISO 17892-4:2017-01E
Figure 3.
Mold used for samples preparation [10]
Figure 4.
Formed samples of fine grained soil mixed with cement kiln dust [10]
Figure 5.
Strength press used for the tests [10]
Figure 6.
Unconfined compressive strength obtained for the mix of soils and additives with curing time (based on [10, 11])
Figure 7.
Unconfined compressive strength obtained for the mix of soil and additive after: a) 7 days; b) 14 days; c) 28 days; d) 42 days e) 56 days (based on [10, 11])