Table 1.
AFA components
| Symbol of AFA (A) | AFA characteristic |
|---|---|
| A1 | froth breaker based on PDMS / silicone oil / hydrophobic silica |
| A2 | froth breaker based on mineral oil or amidol wax |
| A3 | froth breaker based on alcohol derivative of saturated fatty alcohol, mineral oil and PE wax |
| A4 | fiakyl derivative of saturated fatty alcohol/mineral oil/PE and amidol wax |
| A5 | alkoxyl derivative of fatty alcohol |
| A6 | polyether modified silicone |
Table 2.
Mixture composition of mortars
| Component/symbol of the mortar | Amount |
|---|---|
| CEM II/B-S 42.5 R, kg | 774.3 |
| Limestone, kg | 77.4 |
| River sand, kg | 1224.5 |
| w/c, – | 0.38 |
| PCP 1 (P1), % mass of cement | 0.70 |
| PCP 2 (P2), % mass of cement | 0.70 |
| P1A1a | 0.50 |
| P1A1b | 1.50 |
| P1A2a | 0.50 |
| P1A2b | 1.50 |
| P1A3a | 0.50 |
| P1A3b | 1.50 |
| P1A4a | 0.50 |
| P1A4b | 1.50 |
| P1A5a | 0.50 |
| P1A5b | 1.50 |
| P1A6a | 0.50 |
| P1A6b | 1.50 |
| P2A6a | 0.50 |
Table 3.
Compilation of the ingredient’s proportions in 1 m3 of the concrete mixture
| Symbol | Cement type | Cement [kg] | Lime-stone [% m.C] | w/b | 0÷2 mm [kg] | 2÷8 mm [kg] | 8÷16 mm [kg] | PCP1 [%m.C.] | AFA type 6 [%m.C.] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P1 | CEM II/B-S 42.5 R | 580 | 10 | 0.38 | 930 | 500 | 230 | 0.70 | – |
| P2 | 580 | 10 | 0,38 | 930 | 500 | 230 | 0.70 | – | |
| P1A6a | 580 | 10 | 0.38 | 930 | 500 | 230 | 0.70 | 0.50 | |
| P1A6a/b | 580 | 10 | 0.38 | 930 | 500 | 230 | 0.70 | 1.00 | |
| P1A6b | 580 | 10 | 0.38 | 930 | 500 | 230 | 0.70 | 1.50 |
Table 4.
Visual evaluation of admixtures after a compatibility test
| Symbol of the blend of ad-mixture PCP1 (P) and AFA (A) | The appearance of the samples after a week |
|---|---|
| P1 | homogeneous, clear |
| P1 A1a, b | homogeneous, clear |
| P1 A2a, b | homogeneous, clear |
| P1 A3a, b | homogeneous, clear |
| P1A4a, b | homogeneous, clear |
| P1A5a, b | homogeneous, clear |
| P1A6a, b | homogeneous, clear |
| P2A1a, b | turbid, heterogeneous, white particles in the entire volume |
| P2A2a, b | turbid, heterogeneous, white particles in the entire volume |
| P2A3a, b | turbid, heterogeneous, white particles in the entire volume |
| P2A4a, b | turbid, heterogeneous, white particles in the entire volume |
| P2A5a, b | turbid, heterogeneous, white particles in the entire volume |
| P2A6a, b | homogeneous, clear |
Figure 1.
View of flow diameter of mortar incorporating PCP and AFA
Figure 2.
View of the self-compacting process of mortar incorporating PCP and AFA
Figure 3.
The air-content in mortar in dependence on-time introduction of AFA and AFA type
Figure 4.
The flow diameter of mortar in dependence on-time introduction of AFA and AFA type
Figure 5.
The flow time of mortar in dependence on-time introduction of AFA and AFA type
Figure 6.
The difference in the air-content in mortar in dependence on-time introduction of AFA and AFA type
Figure 7.
The difference in the air-content in mortar in dependence on-time introduction of AFA and AFA type
Figure 8.
The relationships between air-content and flow diameter of mortars
Figure 9.
The air-content in mortar after 10 and 60 min, when AFA and PCP was introduced simultaneously
Figure 10.
The flow diameter of mortar after 10 and 60 min, when AFA and PCP was introduced simultaneously
Figure 11.
Surface forces in physical absorption [20]
Figure 12.
The compressive strength of mortars with different types of admixtures after 28 days
Figure 13.
The compressive strength of mortars with different types of admixtures after 28 days
Figure 14.
The air content in fresh concrete with different admixtures type
Figure 15.
The flow diameter of fresh concrete with different admixtures type after 10 and 60 min
Figure 16.
The flow time of fresh concrete with different admixtures type after 10 and 60 min
Figure 17.
The compressive strength of concrete after 28 days
Figure 18.
SEM research results of SCC with PCP2 (series P2)
Figure 19.
SEM research results of SCC with PCP1 and without AFA (series P1)
Figure 20.
SEM research results of SCC for PCP1 and AFA type 6. (series P1A6b)
Figure 21.
The air content and air-content of pores with a diameter smaller than 300 µm in hardened concrete with different admixture types
Figure 22.
The air voids space factor in hardened concrete with different admixture types
Figure 23.
The specific surface of pores in hardened concrete with different admixture types