Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
Figure 7.
Figure 8.
Figure 9.
Figure 10.
Figure 11.
![Surface forces in physical absorption [20]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64706f9983f1392090d697be/j_acee-2019-052_fig_011.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251209%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251209T085437Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=81449d606cf470f8fec94ad0735f753624550bfb2d756bc1c1dd4e6507c12fb2&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 12.
Figure 13.
Figure 14.
Figure 15.
Figure 16.
Figure 17.
Figure 18.
Figure 19.
Figure 20.
Figure 21.
Figure 22.
Figure 23.
AFA components
| Symbol of AFA (A) | AFA characteristic |
|---|---|
| A1 | froth breaker based on PDMS / silicone oil / hydrophobic silica |
| A2 | froth breaker based on mineral oil or amidol wax |
| A3 | froth breaker based on alcohol derivative of saturated fatty alcohol, mineral oil and PE wax |
| A4 | fiakyl derivative of saturated fatty alcohol/mineral oil/PE and amidol wax |
| A5 | alkoxyl derivative of fatty alcohol |
| A6 | polyether modified silicone |
Visual evaluation of admixtures after a compatibility test
| Symbol of the blend of ad-mixture PCP1 (P) and AFA (A) | The appearance of the samples after a week |
|---|---|
| P1 | homogeneous, clear |
| P1 A1a, b | homogeneous, clear |
| P1 A2a, b | homogeneous, clear |
| P1 A3a, b | homogeneous, clear |
| P1A4a, b | homogeneous, clear |
| P1A5a, b | homogeneous, clear |
| P1A6a, b | homogeneous, clear |
| P2A1a, b | turbid, heterogeneous, white particles in the entire volume |
| P2A2a, b | turbid, heterogeneous, white particles in the entire volume |
| P2A3a, b | turbid, heterogeneous, white particles in the entire volume |
| P2A4a, b | turbid, heterogeneous, white particles in the entire volume |
| P2A5a, b | turbid, heterogeneous, white particles in the entire volume |
| P2A6a, b | homogeneous, clear |
Compilation of the ingredient’s proportions in 1 m3 of the concrete mixture
| Symbol | Cement type | Cement [kg] | Lime-stone [% m.C] | w/b | 0÷2 mm [kg] | 2÷8 mm [kg] | 8÷16 mm [kg] | PCP1 [%m.C.] | AFA type 6 [%m.C.] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P1 | CEM II/B-S 42.5 R | 580 | 10 | 0.38 | 930 | 500 | 230 | 0.70 | – |
| P2 | 580 | 10 | 0,38 | 930 | 500 | 230 | 0.70 | – | |
| P1A6a | 580 | 10 | 0.38 | 930 | 500 | 230 | 0.70 | 0.50 | |
| P1A6a/b | 580 | 10 | 0.38 | 930 | 500 | 230 | 0.70 | 1.00 | |
| P1A6b | 580 | 10 | 0.38 | 930 | 500 | 230 | 0.70 | 1.50 |
Mixture composition of mortars
| Component/symbol of the mortar | Amount |
|---|---|
| CEM II/B-S 42.5 R, kg | 774.3 |
| Limestone, kg | 77.4 |
| River sand, kg | 1224.5 |
| w/c, – | 0.38 |
| PCP 1 (P1), % mass of cement | 0.70 |
| PCP 2 (P2), % mass of cement | 0.70 |
| P1A1a | 0.50 |
| P1A1b | 1.50 |
| P1A2a | 0.50 |
| P1A2b | 1.50 |
| P1A3a | 0.50 |
| P1A3b | 1.50 |
| P1A4a | 0.50 |
| P1A4b | 1.50 |
| P1A5a | 0.50 |
| P1A5b | 1.50 |
| P1A6a | 0.50 |
| P1A6b | 1.50 |
| P2A6a | 0.50 |