Figure 1.
Municipal waste management in the EU in 2016 [3]
Figure 2.
The share of substitution of conventional fuels with alternative fuels from the waste in the cement industry [4]
Table 1.
Preferred parameters of an alternative fuel [9]
| Parameter | Unit | Value |
|---|---|---|
| Moisture content | % | <20 |
| Calorific value | MJ/kg | >15 |
| Sulphur content | % | <1 |
Table 2.
Exemplary requirements set by cement plants for alternative fuels [6]
| Requirements | Unit | Cement plants status for 2008 | Cement plants status for 2015 | Cement plants status for 2017 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulk density | [kg/m3] | - | - | 150-200 |
| Moisture content | [%]mas. | ≤15 | ≤18 | ≤20 |
| Ash | [%]mas. | ≤20 | - | <20 |
| The calorific value of the fuel going to the calciner | [MJ/kg] | ≥18 | ≥18.5 | ≥16 |
| The calorific value of the fuel going to the main burner | [MJ/kg] | ≥21 | ≥21 | ≥21 |
| Chlorine | [%]mas. | ≤0.8 | < 0.7 | ≤0.8 |
| Sulfur | [%]mas. | ≤0.5 | < 0.5 | <0.5 |
| Mercury | [mg/kgsm] | <5 | < 2 | <0.5 |
| Metal content: Sb+As+Pb+ | ||||
| Cr+Co+Cu+Mn+Ni+V | [mg/kgsm] | <2500 | <2500 | <1000 |
| Metal content: Cd+Th+Hg | [mg/kgsm] | - | <10 | - |
| Metal content: Cd + Tl | [mg/kgsm] | < 50 | - | <30 |
Table 3.
Requirements for the quality of the alternative fuel dosed to the calciner and the main burner in the selected cement plant [6]
| Requirements | Unit | Cement plants status for 2017 |
|---|---|---|
| Arsenic | ppm | < 10 |
| Cadmium | ppm | < 20 |
| Tal | ppm | <10 |
| Antymony | ppm | < 50 |
| Cobalt | ppm | < 50 |
| Nickel | ppm | < 50 |
| Fluoride | ppm | <100 |
| Lead | ppm | < 250 |
| Chromium | ppm | < 250 |
| Copper | ppm | < 250 |
| Manganese | ppm | < 250 |
| Vanadium | ppm | < 250 |
| Scrap content | % | up 0.5% |
Table 4.
| Classification Property | Designation | Unit | Classes | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||
| Net calorific value | NCV | MJ/kg ar | 25 | 20 | 15 | 10 | 3 |
| Chlorine | Cl | % d mean | 0.2 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 3.0 |
| Mercury | Hg | median mg/MJ ar | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.15 | 0.50 |
| 80th percentile mg/MJ ar | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.16 | 0.30 | 1.00 | ||
Figure 3.
The morphological composition of alternative fuels used in the cement industry, data from 2014 [17]
Table 5.
Physicochemical properties of selected post-consumer wood waste
| Floor woodwork | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameter | Unit | Floor panels | Silencing panels | Waterproof panles | Natural bamboo floor | Parquet floor |
| Carbon | % | 48.64 | 34.02 | 65.90 | 49.68 | 60.00 |
| Hydrogen | % | 4.18 | 1.51 | 3.10 | 4.99 | 4.41 |
| Oxygen | % | 28.05 | 46.54 | 21.59 | 36.85 | 27.36 |
| Nitrogen | % | 12.56 | 6.95 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.15 |
| Sulphur | % | 0.18 | 0.03 | 0.40 | 0.55 | 0.17 |
| Chlorine | % | 0.34 | 0.76 | 0.36 | 0.73 | p.o. |
| Moisture content | % | 5.08 | 3.55 | 3.11 | 5.97 | 7.90 |
| Ash content | % | 0.97 | 6.64 | 5.48 | 1.49 | 0.10 |
| Valatile parts | % | 75.02 | 66.63 | 87.28 | 72.81 | 69.70 |
| Heat of combustion | MJ/kg | 19.10 | 18.61 | 27.76 | 16.46 | 20.23 |
| Calorific value | MJ/kg | 18.04 | 18.18 | 26.90 | 15.18 | 19.16 |
| Joinery and other | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameter | Unit | Window woodwork | Door leaf | Mixer and furniture plate | Wall paneling | Roof soffit |
| Carbon | % | 48.31 | 47.96 | 47.00 | 50.76 | 23.68 |
| Hydrogen | % | 4.30 | 3.95 | 3.19 | 5.86 | 3.74 |
| Oxygen | % | 34.79 | 31.60 | 36.07 | 37.62 | 14.31 |
| Nitrogen | % | 0.81 | 8.98 | 3.19 | 0.03 | 1.20 |
| Sulphur | % | 0.63 | 0.26 | 0.50 | 0.39 | 0.45 |
| Chlorine | % | p.o. | 0.21 | 0.79 | 0.21 | p.o. |
| Moisture content | % | 7.33 | 6.36 | 8.55 | 4.94 | 10.99 |
| Ash content | % | 3.83 | 0.71 | 0.71 | 0.19 | 45.63 |
| Valatile parts | % | 76.08 | 74.25 | 73.00 | 80.68 | 46.90 |
| Heat of combustion | MJ/kg | 20.19 | 15.25 | 20.31 | 19.30 | 10.20 |
| Calorific value | MJ/kg | 19.04 | 14.20 | 19.37 | 17.86 | 9.11 |