Figure 1.
Tested building
Table 1.
Calculation and measurement of heat transfer coefficients of building partitions
| Description | d, m | λ, W/m·K | R, m2·K/W | R, m2·K/W | U, W/(m2K) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calculation (archival documentation) | On-site measurement | |||||
| The ceiling above the basement – thickness d = 29 cm | ||||||
| Thermal resistance of internal surface | 0.170 | 0.994 | 1.01 | 1.30 | ||
| Cement plaster | 0.03 | 1.000 | 0.030 | |||
| Expanded polystyrene | 0.02 | 0.045 | 0.444 | |||
| Concrete slab | 0.24 | 1.330 | 0.180 | |||
| Thermal resistance of external surface | 0.017 | |||||
| The ceiling above the last floor (Roof) – thickness d = 32 cm | ||||||
| Thermal resistance of internal surface | 0.100 | 1.190 | 0.84 | 0.92 | ||
| Concrete slab | 0.04 | 1.000 | 0.040 | |||
| Mineral wool | 0.04 | 0.052 | 0.769 | |||
| Concrete slab | 0.24 | 1.330 | 0.180 | |||
| Thermal resistance of internal surface | 0.100 | |||||
| External wall – thickness d = 27 cm | ||||||
| Thermal resistance of internal surface | 0.130 | 1.470 | 0.68 | 0.73 | ||
| Cement plaster | 0.005 | 0.82 | 0.006 | |||
| Concrete | 0.15 | 2.30 | 0.061 | |||
| Mineral Wool | 0.06 | 0.05 | 1.200 | |||
| Concrete | 0.06 | 2.00 | 0.030 | |||
| Thermal resistance of external surface | 0.040 | |||||
Figure 2.
Linear bridges around window and wall panel connections
Figure 3.
Sidewall – low quality of thermal insulation in relation to other walls
Figure 4.
Collector
Figure 5.
Approaches for risers
Figure 6.
Water supply pipes in the basement (from above) – hot and cold water, circulation
Table 2.
Summary of cold and hot water consumption in the residential part of the building
| Source of data | The percentage of hot water in total water consumption | Water consumption indicator | Water consumption | Time of use in a year | Annual water consumption | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cold + hot water | Hot water | Cold + hot water | Hot water | Cold + hot | Hot | ||||
| % | dm3/(person-day) | dm3/day | day | m3/yr | |||||
| Literature values | |||||||||
| 1. | Dz.U.201.1240 [18] | 38.4 | 1613 | 328.5 | 529.8 | ||||
| 2. | Dz.U.2015.376 [19] | 1.6 * | 1728 | 328.5 | 567.7 | ||||
| Measurements | |||||||||
| 3. | Consumption in 2011 tDHW = 45°C | 52 | 109 | 57.1 | 4595 | 2397 | 365 | 1677 | 875.0 |
| 4. | Consumption in 2011 (corrected) tDHW = 55°C | 41 | 109 | 44.6 | 4595 | 1873 | 365 | 1677 | 683.6 |
Figure 7.
Example dirty ventilation grille
Figure 8.
Exhaust fans in bathroom
Table 3.
The results of air flow measured in the air outlet
| Flat | ti, °C | Grilles dimension, cm | Air flow, m3/h | Number of air exchanges h-1 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Floor 1 | M1 | 20.7 | 16×16 | 32 | 0.25 |
| 17×17 | 0 | ||||
| M2 | 21.2 | 16×16 | 30 | 0.61 | |
| 16×16 | 32 | ||||
| Ø 11 | 30 | ||||
| Floor IV | M15 | 21.0 | 16×16 | 40 | 0.57 |
| 16×16 | 30 | ||||
| 17×17 | 35 | ||||
Table 4.
The results of airtightness measurements
| Flat | Type of window | Micro ventilations of windows | Test conditions | V 50, m3/h | n 50, h-1 | Exponent n | Correlation coefficient |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M1 | Wooden | no | Overpressure | 425 ±0.6% | 3.42 | 0.666 ±0.020 | 0.9964 |
| Underpressure | 406 ±0.6% | 3.26 | 0.663 ±0.020 | 0.9963 | |||
| M2 | PCV | no | Overpressure | 240 ±0.9% | 1.55 | 0.640 ±0.030 | 0.9915 |
| Underpressure | 224 ±1.0% | 1.44 | 0.680 ±0.034 | 0.9902 | |||
| yes | Underpressure | 1372 ±0.7% | 8.82 | 0.562 ±0.023 | 0.9934 | ||
| M15 | Wooden/PCV | no | Overpressure | 751 ±1.6% | 3.98 | 0.582 ±0.052 | 0.9691 |
| Underpressure | 679 ±0.8% | 3.60 | 0.600 ±0.028 | 0.9914 | |||
| yes | Underpressure | 2037 ±1.0% | 10.79 | 0.675 ±0.040 | 0.9865 |
Figure 9.
The variability of air temperature in building and boundaries for the environment quality categories
Figure 10.
Variability of carbon dioxide concentration and boundaries for the environment quality categories
Figure 11.
Dependence of average daily power for heating on average daily temperature internal–external difference in the measurement period
Table 5.
Designated indicators of the energy performance of the building
| Thermal characteristic of the building | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Based on measurement | Based on calculations [20] | Based on calculations [20] | ||||
| ti,m = 21.6°C | ti,m = 21.6°C | ti,st = 20.0°C | ||||
| Final energy | Primary energy | Final energy | Primary energy | Final energy | Primary energy | |
| Heating and ventilations kWh/yr | 102 330 | 133 030 | 188 800 | 245 440 | 211 000 | 274 300 |
| DHW kWh/yr | 82 030 | 106 640 | 82 030 | 106 640 | 82 030 | 106 640 |
| Auxiliaries kWh/yr | 1 900 | 5 700 | 1 900 | 5 700 | 1 900 | 5 700 |
| TOTAL kWh/yr | 186 260 | 245 370 | 272 730 | 257 780 | 294 930 | 386 640 |
| Unit indicator kWh/(m2·yr) | 138 | 182 | 202 | 265 | 218 | 286 |