Figure 1.
Murin-an garden, Kioto, from Meiji period (1868–1912), composed with a borrowed scenery of distant hills (landscape architect Jifee Ogawa), surrounds historic villa from 1894-96 (today: national place of scenery). Photo: A. Sas-Bojarska
Figure 2.
Public garden Kōraku-en, Okayama, build in 1700 r. (Edo period), one of three most beautiful gardens in Japan, composed with borrowed scenery of Okayama Tenshu-kaku castle (today: national special scenic spot) Photo: A. Sas-Bojarska
Figure 3.
Kiyomizu-dera, Kioto – a complex of buddist temples, more than 1200 years old, inscribed on the UNESCO list, situated on the Otowa Mountains Hill; Terraces offer views of Kioto and surrounding landscape; Photo: A. Sas-Bojarska
Table 1.
Universal Pattern of Therapeutic Park. Source [43]
| 1. PARK’S FUNCTIONAL PROGRAM | 2. ORGANISATION OF SPACE AND FUNCTIONS | 3. INTERIORS DESIGN, ARCHITECTURAL FORM AND DETAILS | 4. PLACEMAKING | 5. PURSUIT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
1.1. Psychological and hysical regeneration
Natural Landscapes Green open space Place to rest in the sun and in the shade Place to rest in silence and solitude Possibility to observe other people Possibility to observe animals 1.2. Social Contacts Enhancement Organization of events inside the park Gathering place for groups 1.3. Physical Activity Promotion Sports and recreational infrastructure Community gardens 1.4. Catering for basic needs Safety and security Places to sit and rest Shelter Restrooms Drinking water Food |
2.1.
Spatial composition follows the surrounding urban pattern
2.2. Architectural variety of urban environment Focal points and land marks Structure of interiors and connections Long vistas (Extent) Pathways with views Invisible fragments of the scene (Vista engaging the imagination) Mystery, Fascination Framed views Human scale |
3.1. Optimal level of complexity
3.2. Natural surfaces 3.3. Natural surfaces Risk/Peril Movement 3.4. Presence of Water 3.5. Sensory stimuli design Sensory stimuli: Sight Sensory stimuli: Hearing Sensory stimuli: Smell Sensory stimuli: Touch Sensory stimuli: Taste Sensory path |
4.1. Works of Art
4.2. Monuments in the park 4.3. Historic places Culture and connection to the past 4.4. Thematic gardens 4.5. Personalization 4.6. Animation of place |
5.1. Green Infrastructure
5.2. Second (new) generation of parks 5.3. Biodiversity protec tion Part of park not-available to visitors Habitat plants Natural maintenance methods Habitat animals 5.4. Drinking water protection Rainwater infiltration Rainwater irrigation Irrigation with nonpotable water Park in a Flood risk zone 5.5. Urban metabolism 5.6. Ecological energy sources |
Figure 4.
West Kawloon – artistic cultural district of Hong-Kong; beautifully landscaped garden (favored even by flamingoes), surrounded by high-rise residential and commercial buildings. Photo: A. Sas-Bojarska
Figure 5.
Japanese Mori Garden, situated at the foot of Roppongi Hills, revitalized district of Tokio, surrounded by the dense urban tissue of high-rise buildings. Photo: A. Sas-Bojarska
Figure 6.
High Line, New York. Narrow belt of new public green space built on the unused railway viaduct, fitted between new and old buildings, became a catalyst for the neglected district’s development. Photo: A. Sas-Bojarska
Table 2.
Source: An outline of the overall structure of QET created by A. Bengtsson, P. Grahn [47]
| Section A | Section B |
|---|---|
| Six environmental qualities allowing persons to be comfortable in the outdoor environment: | Thirteen environmental qualities supporting persons’ access to nature and surrounding life: |
| 1. Closeness and easy access | 1. Joyful and meaningful activities |
| 2. Enclosure and entrance | 2. Contact with surrounding life |
| 3. Safety and security | 3. Social opportunities |
| 4. Familiarity | 4. Culture and connection to past times |
| 5. Orientation and way finding | 5. Symbolism/reflection |
| 6. Different options in different kinds of weather | 6. Prospect |
| 7. Space | |
| 8. Rich in species | |
| 9. Sensual pleasures of nature | |
| 10. Seasons changing in nature | |
| 11. Serene | |
| 12. Wild nature | |
| 13. Refuge |
Figure 7.
Town square in Wejherowo, Poland. Very popular place to spend free time not only for local people. Photo: M. Trojanowska
Figure 8.
Town square in old town in Bydgoszcz, Poland. Very popular place, always full of people. Photo: M. Trojanowska
Figure 9.
Public square in front of new Second World War Museum in Gdańsk, Poland. New public space completely restored previously neglected part of town. Photo: M. Trojanowska
Table 3.
Source: Christopher Alexander [48]
| 1. Levels of scale | 6. Good shape | 11. Roughness |
| 2. Strong centers | 7. Local symmetries | 12. Echoes |
| 3. Boundaries | 8. Deep interlock and ambiguity | 13. The Void |
| 4. Alternating repetition | 9. Contrast | 14. Simplicity and Inner Calm |
| 5. Positive space | 10. Gradients | 15. Not-separateness |
Figure 10.
Revitalization and of a local street and placemaking efforts – Wajdeloty st. in Gdansk. Photo: M. Trojanowska
Figure 11.
Allotments in one of the revitalized big-housing estates in Lisbon. Photo: A. Sas-Bojarska
Figure 12.
Playground in Gdynia funded by participatory budget. Photo: M. Trojanowska
Figure 13.
New workplaces in Curitiba – a person is selling tickets instead of ticket vending machine Photo: A. Sas-Bojarska
Figure 14.
New workplaces in Curitiba – making the city clean Photo: A. Sas-Bojarska
Figure 15.
Vocational training center named after Jacques Cousteau in an inactive stone quarry – Curitiba; Photo: A. Sas-Bojarska