
Understanding Differences Between Veterans and Civilians on a Range of Biopsychological Domains: Descriptive Report from the MIDUS II Study
References
- American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text rev.). DOI: 10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787
- Angkaw, A. C., Ross, B. S., Pittman, J. O. E., Kelada, A. M. Y., Valencerina, M. A. M., & Baker, D. G. (2013). Post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and aggression in OEF/OIF veterans. Military Medicine, 178(10), 1044–1050. DOI: 10.7205/MILMED-D-13-00061
- Ansley, S. D., & Howard, J. T. (2021). Dietary intake and elevated c-reactive protein levels in US military veterans. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(2). DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020403
- Armenta, R. F., Walter, K. H., Geronimo-Hara, T. R., Porter, B., Stander, V. A., LeardMann, C. A., Bauer, L., Boparai, S., Bukowinski, A., Carballo, C., Carey, F., Davies, J., Esquivel, A., Gumbs, G., Jacobson, I., Khodr, Z., Kolaja, C., Lee, W., Lynch, G., … & the Millennium Cohort Study Team. (2019). Longitudinal trajectories of comorbid PTSD and depression symptoms among US service members and veterans. BMC Psychiatry, 19(1), 396. DOI: 10.1186/s12888-019-2375-1
- Bagalman, E. (2014). The number of veterans that use VA health care services: A fact sheet (7-5700 No. R43579; pp. 1–4). Congressional Research Service.
https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R43579.pdf - Baker, D. G., Heppner, P., Afari, N., Nunnink, S., Kilmer, M., Simmons, A., Harder, L., & Bosse, B. (2009). Trauma exposure, branch of service, and physical injury in relation to mental health among US veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan. Military Medicine, 174(8), 733–778. DOI: 10.7205/MILMED-D-03-3808
- Bernstein, P. (1994). Measure of child abuse and neglect. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151(8), 1132–1136. DOI: 10.1176/ajp.151.8.1132
- Blackburn, L., & Owens, G. P. (2016). Rumination, resilience, and posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity among veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 25(2), 197–209. DOI: 10.1080/10926771.2015.1107174
- Bui, T. M., Wiesolek, H. L., & Sumagin, R. (2020). ICAM-1: A master regulator of cellular responses in inflammation, injury resolution, and tumorigenesis. Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 108(3), 787–799. DOI: 10.1002/JLB.2MR0220-549R
- Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R., & Kupfer, D. J. (1989). The Pittsburgh sleep quality index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Research, 28(2), 193–213. DOI: 10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4
- Chase, T. E. (2017). Exploring emotion regulation difficulties in samples of civilians and veterans [Doctoral Dissertation, University of Houston].
- Dallocchio, M. (2021). Women veterans: Examining identity through an intersectional lens. Journal of Military, Veteran and Family Health, 7(S1), 111–121. DOI: 10.3138/jmvfh-2021-0028
- DeSteno, D., Gross, J. J., & Kubzansky, L. (2013). Affective science and health: The importance of emotion and emotion regulation. Health Psychology, 32(5), 474–486. DOI: 10.1037/a0030259
- Dienberg Love, G., Seeman, T. E., Weinstein, M., & Ryff, C. D. (2010). Bioindicators in the MIDUS national study: Protocol, measures, sample, and comparative context. Journal of Aging and Health, 22(8), 1059–1080. DOI: 10.1177/0898264310374355
- Edwards, E. R., Goldsmith, M. M., Tran, H. N., Bulanchuk, N. K., Epshteyn, G., Wrobleski, J., May, D. G., Snyder, S., Lee, A. S., Schofield, K. F., Gorman, D., Dichiara, A., & Geraci, J. C. (2022). Supporting the nation’s transitioning veterans: Narrative review of practices and recommendations for psychotherapy and counseling of veterans separating from military service. Psychological Services. Advance online publication. DOI: 10.1037/ser0000701
- Eftekhari, A., Ruzek, J. I., Crowley, J. J., Rosen, C. S., Greenbaum, M. A., & Karlin, B. E. (2013). Effectiveness of national implementation of prolonged exposure therapy in Veterans Affairs care. JAMA Psychiatry, 70(9), 949–955. DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.36
- Executive Order No. 13822. (2018, January 9).
Supporting our veterans during their transition from uniformed service to civilian life. 83 Fed. Reg. 1513 .https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2018-01-12/pdf/2018-00630.pdf - Fresco, D. M., Coles, M. E., Heimberg, R. G., Liebowitz, M. R., Hami, S., Stein, M. B., & Goetz, D. (2001). The Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale: A comparison of the psychometric properties of self-report and clinician-administered formats. Psychological Medicine, 31(6), 1025–1035. DOI: 10.1017/S0033291701004056
- Fulton, J. J., Calhoun, P. S., Wagner, H. R., Schry, A. R., Hair, L. P., Feeling, N., Elbogen, E., & Beckham, J. C. (2015). The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in operation enduring freedom/operation Iraqi freedom (OEF/OIF) veterans: A meta-analysis. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 31, 98–107. DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.02.003
- Gabay, C. (2006). Interleukin-6 and chronic inflammation. Arthritis Research & Therapy, 8(2), 1–6. DOI: 10.1186/ar1917
- García-Juárez, M., & Camacho-Morales, A. (2022). Defining the role of anti-and pro-inflammatory outcomes of Interleukin-6 in mental health. Neuroscience, 492, 32–46. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.03.020
- Geraci, J. C., Finley, E. P., Edwards, E. R., Frankfurt, S., Kurz, A. S., Kamdar, N., Vanneman, M. E., Lopoo, L. M., Patnaik, H., Yoon, J., Armstrong, N., Greene, A. L., Cantor, G., Wrobleski, J., Young, E., Goldsmith, M., Seim, R. W., & Goodman, M. (2022). Partnered implementation of the veteran sponsorship initiative: Protocol for a randomized hybrid type 2 effectiveness—Implementation trial. Implementation Science, 17(1), 43. DOI: 10.1186/s13012-022-01212-9
- Godfrey, K. M., Mostoufi, S., Rodgers, C., Backhaus, A., Floto, E., Pittman, J., & Afari, N. (2015). Associations of military sexual trauma, combat exposure, and number of deployments with physical and mental health indicators in Iraq and Afghanistan veterans. Psychological Services, 12(4), 366. DOI: 10.1037/ser0000059
- Gould, C. E., Rideaux, T., Spira, A. P., & Beaudreau, S. A. (2015). Depression and anxiety symptoms in male veterans and non-veterans: The health and retirement study: Depression and anxiety symptoms. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 30(6), 623–630. DOI: 10.1002/gps.4193
- Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26(1), 41–54. DOI: 10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94
- Gros, D. F., Simms, L. J., & Acierno, R. (2010). Specificity of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: An investigation of comorbidity between posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and depression in treatment-seeking veterans. The Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 198(12), 885–890. DOI: 10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181fe7410
- Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 348–362. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348
- Hostinar, C. E., Lachman, M. E., Mroczek, D. K., Seeman, T. E., & Miller, G. E. (2015). Additive contributions of childhood adversity and recent stressors to inflammation at midlife: Findings from the MIDUS study. Developmental Psychology, 51(11), 1630–1644. DOI: 10.1037/dev0000049
- Ikin, J. F., Sim, M. R., McKenzie, D. P., Horsley, K. W. A., Wilson, E. J., Moore, M. R., Jelfs, P., Harrex, W. K., & Henderson, S. T. (2007). Anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder and depression in Korean War veterans 50 years after the war. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 190(6), 475–483. DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.106.025684
- Institute of Medicine. (2010).
Returning home from Iraq and Afghanistan: Preliminary assessment of readjustment needs of veterans, service members, and their families . National Academies Press (US). DOI: 10.17226/12812 - Jacoby, V. M., Straud, C. L., Bagley, J. M., Tyler, H., Baker, S. N., Denejkina, A., Sippel, L. M., Kaya, R., Rozek, D. C., Fina, B. A., & Dondanville, K. A. (2022). Evidence-based posttraumatic stress disorder treatment in a community sample: Military-affiliated versus civilian patient outcomes. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 35(4), 1072–1086. DOI: 10.1002/jts.22812
- Jennings, P. A., Aldwin, C. M., Levenson, M. R., Spiro, A., & Mroczek, D. K. (2006). Combat exposure, perceived benefits of military service, and wisdom in later life: Findings from the normative aging study. Research on Aging, 28(1), 115–134. DOI: 10.1177/0164027505281549
- Kanesarajah, J., Waller, M., Zheng, W. Y., & Dobson, A. J. (2016). Unit cohesion, traumatic exposure and mental health of military personnel. Occupational Medicine, 66(4), 308–315. DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqw009
- Kelley, P. (Ed.) (2005). Textbooks of military medicine: Military preventative medicine, mobilization and deployment. Office of the Suregon General, Deptartment of the Army.
https://ke.army.mil/bordeninstitute/published_volumes/mpmVol2/PM2fm.pdf - Kendall-Tackett, K. (2009). Psychological trauma and physical health: A psychoneuroimmunology approach to etiology of negative health effects and possible interventions. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 1(1), 35–48. DOI: 10.1037/a0015128
- Kessler, R. C., Andrews, G., Mroczek, D., Ustun, B., & Wittchen, H.-U. (1998). The world health organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview Short-Form (CIDI-SF). International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 7(4), 171–185. DOI: 10.1002/mpr.47
- Killgore, W. D., Stetz, M. C., Castro, C. A., & Hoge, C. W. (2006). The effects of prior combat experience on the expression of somatic and affective symptoms in deploying soldiers. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 60(4), 379–385. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2006.02.012
- Kornblith, E. S., Yaffe, K., Langa, K. M., & Gardner, R. C. (2020). Prevalence of lifetime history of traumatic brain injury among older male veterans compared with civilians: A nationally representative study. Journal of Neurotrauma, 37(24), 2680–2685. DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7062
- Lebedeva, T., Dustin, M. L., & Sykulev, Y. (2005). ICAM-1 co-stimulates target cells to facilitate antigen presentation. Current Opinion in Immunology, 17(3), 251–258. DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2005.04.008
- Lehavot, K., Katon, J. G., Chen, J. A., Fortney, J. C., & Simpson, T. L. (2018). Post-traumatic stress disorder by gender and veteran status. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 54(1), e1–e9. DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2017.09.008
- Lemle, R. (2018). Choice program expansion jeopardizes high-quality VHA mental health services. Federal Practitioner, 35(3), 18–24. PMID: 30766345
- Lincoln, A. (1865). Second inaugural address of the late President Lincoln [Speech]. Library of Congress.
https://www.loc.gov/item/2020770559/ - Loignon, A., Ouellet, M. C., & Belleville, G. (2020). A systematic review and meta-analysis on PTSD following TBI among military/veteran and civilian populations. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation. 35(1), E21–E35. DOI: 10.1097/HTR.0000000000000514
- MacManus, D., Rona, R., Dickson, H., Somaini, G., Fear, N., & Wessely, S. (2015). Aggressive and violent behavior among military personnel deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan: Prevalence and link with deployment and combat exposure. Epidemiologic Reviews, 37(1), 196–212. DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxu006
- Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224–253. DOI: 10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224
- Miles, S. R., Menefee, D. S., Wanner, J., Teten Tharp, A., & Kent, T. A. (2016). The relationship between emotion dysregulation and impulsive aggression in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 31(10), 1795–1816. DOI: 10.1177/0886260515570746
- Noël, P. H., Zeber, J. E., Pugh, M. J., Finley, E. P., & Parchman, M. L. (2011). A pilot survey of post-deployment health care needs in small community-based primary care clinics. BMC Family Practice, 12, 79. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2296-12-79
- Plumb, T. R., Peachey, J. T., & Zelman, D. C. (2014). Sleep disturbance is common among servicemembers and veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. Psychological Services, 11(2), 209–219. DOI: 10.1037/a0034958
- Pulverman, C. S., Christy, A. Y., & Kelly, U. A. (2019). Military sexual trauma and sexual health in women veterans: A systematic review. Sexual Medicine Reviews, 7(3), 393–407. DOI: 10.1016/j.sxmr.2019.03.002
- Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385–401. DOI: 10.1177/014662167700100306
- Riis, J. L., Chen, F. R., Dent, A. L., Laurent, H. K., & Bryce, C. I. (2020).
Analytical strategies and tactics in salivary bioscience . D. Granger, & M. Taylor (Eds.), Salivary bioscience (49–86). Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-35784-9_4 - Ryff, C. D., Seeman, T., & Weinstein, M. (2019). Midlife in the United States (MIDUS 2): Biomarker project, 2004–2009. Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research. DOI: 10.3886/ICPSR29282.v9
- Sabat, R., Grütz, G., Warszawska, K., Kirsch, S., Witte, E., Wolk, K., & Geginat, J. (2010). Biology of interleukin-10. Cytokines & Growth Factor Reviews, 21(5), 331–344. DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2010.09.002
- Sayer, N. A., Carlson, K. F., & Frazier, P. A. (2014). Reintegration challenges in US service members and veterans following combat deployment. Social Issues and Policy Review, 8(1), 33–73. DOI: 10.1111/sipr.12001
- Schult, T. M., Schmunk, S. K., Marzolf, J. R., & Mohr, D. C. (2019). The health status of veteran employees compared to civilian employees in veterans health administration. Military Medicine, 184(7–8), e218–e224. DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usy410
- Scott, K. M., Koenen, K. C., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M. C., Benjet, C., Bruffaerts, R., Caldas-de-Almeida, J. M., De Girolamo, G., Florescu, S., Iwata, N., Levinson, D., Lim, C. C. W., Murphy, S., Ormel, J., Posada-Villa, J., & Kessler, R. C. (2013). Associations between lifetime traumatic events and subsequent chronic physical conditions: A cross-national, cross-sectional study. PloS One, 8(11),
e80573 . DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080573 - Seal, K. H., Metzler, T. J., Gima, K. S., Bertenthal, D., Maguen, S., & Marmar, C. R. (2009). Trends and risk factors for mental health diagnoses among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans using Department of Veterans Affairs health care, 2002–2008. American Journal of Public Health, 99(9), 1651–1658. DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.150284
- Silva, M., Videira, P. A., & Sackstein, R. (2018). E-Selectin ligands in the human mononuclear phagocyte system: Implications for infection, inflammation, and immunotherapy. Frontiers in Immunology, 8, 1878. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01878
- Sokolove, J., Wagner, C. A., Lahey, L. J., Sayles, H., Duryee, M. J., Reimold, A. M., Kerr, G., Robinson, W. H., Cannon, G. W., Thiele, G. M., & Mikuls, T. R. (2016). Increased inflammation and disease activity among current cigarette smokers with rheumatoid arthritis: A cross-sectional analysis of US veterans. Rheumatology, 55(11), 1969–1977. DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kew285
- Spielberger, C. D. (1989). State–trait anxiety inventory: A comprehensive bibliography. Consulting Psychologists Press.
- Spielberger, C. D. (1996). State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory: Professional manual. Consulting Psychologists Press.
- Spiro, A., Settersten, R. A., & Aldwin, C. M. (2016). Long-term outcomes of military service in aging and the life course: A positive re-envisioning. The Gerontologist, 56(1), 5–13. DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnv093
- Stretch, R. H., Knudson, K. H., & Durand, D. (1998). Effects of premilitary and military trauma on the development of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in female and male active duty soldiers. Military Medicine, 163(7), 466–470. DOI: 10.1093/milmed/163.7.466
- Szabo, Y. Z., & Slavish, D. C. (2021). Measuring salivary markers of inflammation in health research: A review of methodological considerations and best practices. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 124, 105069. DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.105069
- Tabachnick, A. B., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Allyn & Bacon.
- Tanielian, T., Jaycox, L. H., Adamson, D. M., Burnam, A., Burns, R. M., Caldarone, L. B., Cox, R. A., D’Amico, E. J., Diaz, C., Eibner, C., Fisher, G., & Helmus, T. C. (2008). Invisible wounds of war: Psychological and cognitive injuries, their consequences, and services to assist recovery. RAND Corporation. DOI: 10.7249/MG720
- Turner, R. J., & Wheaton, B. (1995).
Checklist measurement of stressful life events . In S. Cohen, R. Kessler, & L. Underwood Gordon (Eds.), Measuring stress: A guide for health and social sciences (pp. 29–58). Oxford University Press. - US Department of Veteran’s Affairs. (2015, September 2). Veterans employment toolkit—What is deployment?
https://www.va.gov/vetsinworkplace/docs/em_deployment.asp#:~:text=Military%20deployment%20is%20the%20movement,enter%20into%20a%20combat%20zone - US Department of Veterans Affairs. (2022). Fiscal year 2022–28 strategic plan.
https://department.va.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/va-strategic-plan-2022-2028.pdf - Vaccaro, A. (2015). “It’s not one size fits all”: Diversity among student veterans. Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice, 52(4), 347–358. DOI: 10.1080/19496591.2015.1067224
- Veterans Benefit Administration. (2022). Annual benefits report fiscal year 2022. US Department of Veterans Affairs.
https://www.benefits.va.gov/REPORTS/abr/docs/2022-abr.pdf - Villar-Fincheira, P., Sanhueza-Olivares, F., Norambuena-Soto, I., Cancino-Arenas, N., Hernandez-Vargas, F., Troncoso, R., Gabrielli, L., & Chiong, M. (2021). Role of Interleukin-6 in vascular health and disease. Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences, 8, 641734. DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.641734
- Vitale, A., Byma, L., Sun, S., Podolak, E., Wang, Z., Alter, S., Galfalvy, H., Geraci, J., Langhoff, E., Klingbeil, H., Yehuda, R., Haghighi, F., & Feder, A. (2021). Effectiveness of complementary and integrative approaches in promoting engagement and overall wellness toward suicide prevention in veterans. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 27(S1), S-14. DOI: 10.1089/acm.2020.0245
- Wang, Z., Caughron, B., & Young, M. R. I. (2017). Posttraumatic stress disorder: An immunological disorder? Frontiers in Psychiatry, 8, 222. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00222
- Wilson, G., Hill, M., & Kiernan, M. D. (2018). Loneliness and social isolation of military veterans: Systematic narrative review. Occupational Medicine, 68(9), 600–609. DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqy160
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21061/jvs.v9i1.405 | Journal eISSN: 2470-4768
Language: English
Page range: 203 - 223
Submitted on: Oct 15, 2022
Accepted on: Apr 14, 2023
Published on: Jul 3, 2023
Published by: Virginia Tech Publishing
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Keywords:
© 2023 Christina Hejl, Christina Burns, Janiya Cherry, Areon Bradford, Yvette Z. Szabo, published by Virginia Tech Publishing
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.