Table 1
Characteristics of Study Sample and Normative 2018 DoD Sample with Results of Crosstab Subgroup Analysis Comparing Sample Distributions.
| % TOTAL SAMPLE (N) | 2018 DOD | Z SCORE | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Race/Ethnicity | |||
| Native | 0.5% (1) | 1.1% | 0.8 |
| Asian | 2.7% (5) | 4.5% | 1.1 |
| Black | 2.7% (5) | 17.1% | 6.7*** |
| Pac Islander | 0% (0) | 1% | 3.9*** |
| White | 82.2% (152) | 68.9% | 3.8*** |
| Multi | 2.7% (5) | 3% | 0.9 |
| Latinoa | 9.2% (17) | 14.9% | 1.8 |
| Gender | |||
| Female | 16.2% (30) | 16.5% | 0.2 |
| Male | 83.8% (154) | 83.5% | 0.1 |
| Branch | |||
| Air Force | 3.8% (7) | 24.7% | 8.8*** |
| Army | 39.2% (73) | 36.1% | 1.1 |
| Marines | 50.5% (93) | 14.2% | 10.1*** |
| Navy | 6.5% (12) | 24.9% | 7.9*** |
| Rank | |||
| E1–E5 | 27.6% (51) | 50.6% | 7.0*** |
| E6–E9 | 21.6% (40) | 21.8% | 0.8 |
| W1–W5 | 3.7% (7) | 1.4% | 2.2* |
| O1–O3 | 21.6% (40) | 10.0% | 4.1*** |
| O4–O6 | 25.4% (46) | 6.4% | 7.2*** |
| MOSb | |||
| Special Operationsc | 3.2% (6) | 0% | 4.0*** |
| Ranger/Recon/EOD | 22.7% (42) | 2.0% | 9.5*** |
| Combat Arms | 25.9% (48) | 23.9% | 0.8 |
| Medic/Corpsman | 2.2% (4) | 6.0% | 2.8** |
| Pilot/Aircrew | 11.9% (22) | 2.9% | 5.4*** |
| Combat Support | 21.6% (40) | 28.9% | 2.3** |
| Combat Service Support | 11.9% (22) | 43.1% | 8.1*** |
[i] Note: Z-Scores represent the results of Chi-Square and crosstab analysis of the distribution of sample characteristics compared to normative data.
2018 DoD Demographic Data are based on active duty members only. Military occupational specialty (MOS) is the general job classification for servicemembers.
a Latino demographic data is based on both active & reserve 2018 DoD Demographic Data.
b MOS is based on 2010 USMC MOS data as no DoD wide MOS data was available.
c The Marine Corps had no Special Operations MOS in 2010, but does now.
* p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001.
Table 2
Sample Scores and Descriptive Statistics on Key Variables of Interest.
| % (N) | M (SD) | |
|---|---|---|
| Suicide Exposure | 4.4 (4.2) | |
| None (0) | 9.2% (17) | |
| Low (1–3) | 49.7% (92) | |
| Medium (4–8) | 27.6% (51) | |
| High (9–14) | 9.7% (18) | |
| Extreme (15 or more) | 3.8% (7) | |
| PTSD Symptom Score | 1.8 (1.6) | |
| <3 | 69.2% (129) | |
| ≥3 (Positive screen) | 31.8% (57) | |
| Suicidal Behaviors Score | 2.5 (2.8) | |
| <8 | 92.4% (172) | |
| ≥8 (High risk) | 7.6% (14) | |
| Feelings Of Guilt Score | 11.4 (4.3) | |
| Low (0–9) | 36.8% (69) | |
| Medium (10–18) | 54.6% (101) | |
| High (19–27) | 8.6% (16) | |
| RANGE | ||
| Combat Experiences | ||
| Enemy Responsible | 0–372 | 12.7 (39.0) |
| Enemy Witness | 0–500 | 25.2 (65.1) |
| Civilian Responsible | 0–100 | 1.2 (7.6) |
| Civilian Witness | 0–250 | 7.0 (24.7) |
| Ally Responsible | 0–20 | 0.6 (2.0) |
| Ally Witness | 0–150 | 5.0 (14.0) |
[i] Note: PTSD Symptom Score is based on results from the PC-PTSD-5 (Prins et al., 2016), Suicidal Behaviors Score is based on results from the SBQ-R (Osman et al., 2001), and Feelings of Guilt Score is based on the PFQ-2 Guilt Subscale Score (Harder & Zalma, 1990).
Table 3
Combat Experiences and Suicide Exposure as Predictors of Feelings of Guilt.
| PREDICTOR | STAGE 1 | STAGE 2 | STAGE 3 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| R2 = .046* | R2 = .170*** | R2 = .186*** | ||||||||||
| 95 % C. I. B | 95 % C. I. B | 95 % C. I. B | ||||||||||
| β | LL | UL | sr2 | β | LL | UL | sr2 | β | LL | UL | sr2 | |
| Rank | –.215** | –.286 | –.051 | .04 | –.220** | –.291 | –.055 | .04 | –.200** | –.225 | –.038 | .04 |
| MOS | .004 | –.332 | .351 | .00 | .032 | –.268 | .415 | .01 | .052 | –.223 | .461 | .01 |
| Enemy Responsible | –.023 | –.037 | .032 | .00 | –.031 | –.038 | .031 | .00 | ||||
| Enemy Witness | –.060 | –.024 | .016 | .00 | –.062 | –.024 | .016 | .00 | ||||
| Civ Responsible | .137 | –.035 | .611 | .01 | .121 | .071 | .575 | .01 | ||||
| Civilian Witness | .280** | .016 | .085 | .04 | .304** | .020 | .089 | .04 | ||||
| Ally Responsible | .194* | .079 | .750 | .03 | .178* | .056 | .715 | .03 | ||||
| Ally Witness | –.097 | –.089 | .030 | .00 | –.124 | –.097 | .022 | .00 | ||||
| Suicide Exposure | .137 | .064 | –.008 | .01 | ||||||||
[i] Note: N = 186. The dependent variable, Feelings of Guilt, is based on scores on the Guilt subscale of the PFQ-2 (Harder & Zalma, 1990).
95% C. I. B. is the 95% confidence interval around B.
LL and UL are the lower limit and upper limit of the 95% confidence interval around B, respectively.
sr2 = Semi-partial r2 is a measure of effect size.
Table 4
Combat Experiences and Suicide Exposure as Predictors of PTSD Symptom Endorsement.
| PREDICTOR | STAGE 1 | STAGE 2 | STAGE 3 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| R2 = .082*** | R2 = .185*** | R2 = .263*** | ||||||||||
| 95 % C. I. B | 95 % C. I. B | 95 % C. I. B | ||||||||||
| β | LL | UL | sr2 | β | LL | UL | sr2 | β | LL | UL | sr2 | |
| Rank | –.231** | –.116 | –.026 | .05 | –.226** | –.115 | –.024 | .04 | –.181* | –.099 | –.011 | .03 |
| MOS | –.114 | –.232 | .029 | .01 | –.106 | –.226 | .038 | .01 | –.062 | –.182 | .072 | .00 |
| Enemy Responsible | –.038 | –.015 | .012 | .00 | –.055 | –.015 | .010 | .00 | ||||
| Enemy Witness | .090 | –.005 | .010 | .00 | .084 | –.005 | .010 | .00 | ||||
| Civ Responsible | .065 | –.072 | .178 | .00 | .028 | –.097 | .142 | .00 | ||||
| Civilian Witness | .122 | –.005 | .022 | .02 | .175 | –.001 | .025 | .02 | ||||
| Ally Responsible | .187* | .027 | .286 | .03 | .152* | .003 | .151 | .02 | ||||
| Ally Witness | –089 | –.012 | .033 | .00 | .029 | –.019 | .026 | .00 | ||||
| Suicide Exposure | .299*** | .064 | .172 | .08 | ||||||||
[i] Note: N = 186. The dependent variable, PTSD symptom endorsement, is based scores on the PC-PTSD-5 (Prins et al., 2016).
95% C. I. B. is the 95% confidence interval around B.
LL and UL are the lower limit and upper limit of the 95% confidence interval around B, respectively.
sr2 = Semi-partial r2 is a measure of effect size.
* p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001.
Table 5
Combat Experiences and Suicide Exposure as Predictors of Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors.
| PREDICTOR | STAGE 1 | STAGE 2 | STAGE 3 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| R2 = .064** | R2 = .125** | R2 = .145*** | ||||||||||
| 95 % C. I. B | 95 % C. I. B | 95 % C. I. B | ||||||||||
| β | LL | UL | sr2 | β | LL | UL | sr2 | β | LL | UL | sr2 | |
| Rank | –.248*** | –.207 | –.052 | .05 | –.267** | –.220 | –.059 | .05 | –.244** | –.208 | –.047 | .04 |
| MOS | –.017 | –.251 | .199 | .00 | .003 | –.229 | .238 | .00 | .025 | –.196 | .271 | .00 |
| Enemy Responsible | .231 | –.007 | .041 | .00 | .222 | –.007 | .040 | .00 | ||||
| Enemy Witness | –.190 | –.231 | .022 | .00 | –.193 | –.220 | .022 | .00 | ||||
| Civ Responsible | .042 | –.162 | .280 | .00 | .023 | –.188 | .253 | .00 | ||||
| Civilian Witness | .131 | –.008 | .040 | .01 | .158 | –.005 | .043 | .01 | ||||
| Ally Responsible | .108 | –.075 | .383 | .01 | .090 | –.100 | .257 | .01 | ||||
| Ally Witness | .020 | –.036 | .044 | .00 | .010 | –.043 | .038 | .00 | ||||
| Suicide Exposure | .151* | .002 | .202 | .02 | ||||||||
[i] Note: N = 186. The dependent variable, Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors, is based scores on the Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R; Osman et al., 2001).
95% C. I. B. is the 95% confidence interval around B.
LL and UL are the lower limit and upper limit of the 95% confidence interval around B, respectively.
sr2 = Semi-partial r2 is a measure of effect size.
* p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001.