Table 1
Predictors of Veterans’ Use of Employment Programs (Veterans Completed Wave 2).
| BEFORE MATCHING (N = 7,200) | EMPLOYMENT PROGRAM USEOR [CI] | AFTER MATCHING (N = 6,218) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Employment program use | 62.5% | Outcome | 59.5% |
| Male | 81.7% | 0.76 [0.66, 0.88]*** | 81.9% |
| Paygrade – E1 to E4 | 28.6% | Reference group | 30.7% |
| E5 to E6 | 29.9% | 1.48 [1.28, 1.70]*** | 31.3% |
| E7 to E9 | 17.2% | 1.40 [1.12, 1.75]** | 15.2% |
| O1 to O3 | 8.8% | 2.21 [1.79, 2.73]*** | 8.7% |
| O4 to O7 | 14.1% | 1.52 [1.21, 1.91]*** | 12.8% |
| Retired from military service | 30.6% | 1.88 [1.56, 2.25]*** | 25.1% |
| Full-time student | 22.2% | 1.14 [1.00, 1.29]* | 23.9% |
| Part-time student | 6.5% | 2.05 [1.64, 2.58]*** | 5.1% |
| Marital Status – Single, never married | 20.6% | Reference group | 21.6% |
| Married 1st | 52.8% | 1.37 [1.18, 1.59]*** | 52.2% |
| Married 2nd or more | 16.1% | 1.15 [0.95, 1.40] | 15.9% |
| Separated/Widowed/Divorced | 10.6% | 1.39 [1.14, 1.70]** | 10.2% |
| Discharge Status - Honorable discharge | 86.1% | Reference group | 86.4% |
| General/Other discharge | 2.4% | 0.62 [0.45, 0.86]** | 2.5% |
| Not discharged | 5.7% | 0.51 [0.40, 0.66]*** | 5.4% |
| Medical discharge | 5.8% | 1.22 [0.97, 1.54] | 5.7% |
| Race/Ethnicity - White Non-Hispanic | 66.1% | Reference group | 65.8% |
| Black Non-Hispanic | 10.0% | 1.06 [0.89, 1.27] | 9.4% |
| Hispanic | 14.0% | 1.09 [0.94, 1.26] | 14.7% |
| Asian Hawaiian Pacific Islander/Other race | 9.4% | 1.09 [0.92, 1.31] | 9.5% |
| High Resilience | 27.3% | 0.97 [0.86, 1.09] | 27.2% |
| Anxiety | 26.3% | 1.06 [0.91, 1.24] | 25.8% |
| PTSD | 26.3% | 1.00 [0.86, 1.16] | 25.3% |
| Depression | 17.8% | 1.01 [0.85, 1.21] | 17.8% |
| Suicidal thinking | 8.0% | 0.98 [0.80, 1.21] | 8.0% |
| Socially isolated | 9.6% | 0.93 [0.78, 1.11] | 9.5% |
| Combat patrols | 36.9% | 1.31 [1.12, 1.52]*** | 34.1% |
| Corollaries of combat | 50.9% | 1.17 [1.01, 1.36]* | 47.9% |
| Alcohol misuse | 35.5% | 1.08 [0.97, 1.21] | 35.0% |
| Financial Status – Secure financial status | 41.2% | Reference group | 40.3% |
| Problematic financial status | 22.2% | 1.03 [0.88, 1.19] | 22.2% |
| At-risk financial status | 36.6% | 0.99 [0.88, 1.12] | 37.5% |
| Military Occupation Service support | 38.6% | Reference group | 38.3% |
| Combat arms | 22.8% | 0.82 [0.71, 0.95] | 22.5% |
| Combat support | 39.1% | 1.06 [0.94, 1.19] | 38.6% |
| Number of times deployed (1 or more) | 70.7% | 1.02 [0.95, 1.09] | 68.6% |
[i] Note: n = 7,200; Service branch was omitted from the table: (Army 32%, Navy 19%, Air Force, 19%, Marine Corps, 17%, National Guard/Reserves (13%); Joined the National Guard/Reserves after discharge (16%). * p < .05; ** p < .01; *** p < .001.
Table 2
Predictors of Veterans’ Use of Employment Programs (Veterans Completed Wave 3).
| BEFORE MATCHING (N = 7,201) | EMPLOYMENT PROGRAM USE OR [CI] | AFTER MATCHING (N = 5,908) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Employment program use | 62.5% | Outcome | 57.8% |
| Male | 81.9% | 0.87 [0.73, 1.03] | 81.5% |
| Paygrade - E1 to E4 | 29.0% | Reference group | 32.8% |
| E5 to E6 | 30.2% | 1.35 [1.14, 1.61]** | 32.1% |
| E7 to E9 | 17.0% | 1.41 [1.08, 1.83]* | 13.7% |
| O1 to O3 | 8.6% | 2.23 [1.70, 2.93]*** | 8.1% |
| O4 to O7 | 13.7% | 1.75 [1.32, 2.31]*** | 12.3% |
| Retired from military service | 32.6% | 1.70 [1.39, 2.08]*** | 25.5% |
| Full-time student | 22.6% | 1.12 [0.96, 1.30] | 24.2% |
| Part-time student | 6.5% | 1.98 [1.49, 2.63]*** | 5.1% |
| Marital Status - Single, never married | 20.3% | Reference group | 22.4% |
| Married 1st | 52.9% | 1.38 [1.16, 1.65]*** | 52.1% |
| Married 2nd or more | 16.0% | 1.16 [0.93, 1.44] | 15.0% |
| Separated/Widowed/Divorced | 10.8% | 1.34 [1.06, 1.70]* | 10.5% |
| Discharge Status - Honorable discharge | 85.8% | Reference group | 85.9% |
| General/Other discharge | 2.5% | 0.52 [0.36, 0.76]** | 2.4% |
| Not discharged | 5.8% | 0.52 [0.37, 0.72]*** | 5.7% |
| Medical discharge | 5.8% | 1.12 [0.87, 1.46] | 5.9% |
| Race/Ethnicity - White Non-Hispanic | 66.8% | Reference group | 67.2% |
| Black Non-Hispanic | 9.7% | 1.08 [0.87, 1.34] | 9.2% |
| Hispanic | 13.9% | 1.18 [0.98, 1.41] | 14.0% |
| Asian Hawaiian Pacific Islander/Other race | 9.5% | 1.25 [1.01, 1.55]* | 9.5% |
| High Resilience | 27.2% | 0.89 [0.76, 1.03] | 27.7% |
| Anxiety | 26.3% | 1.02 [0.85, 1.21] | 25.3% |
| PTSD | 26.5% | 0.94 [0.80, 1.10] | 24.8% |
| Depression | 17.9% | 1.01 [0.83, 1.23] | 17.0% |
| Suicidal thinking | 8.0% | 0.94 [0.74, 1.18] | 7.8% |
| Socially isolated | 9.5% | 0.99 [0.81, 1.22] | 9.4% |
| Combat patrols | 37.3% | 1.34 [1.13, 1.60]** | 32.8% |
| Corollaries of combat | 51.0% | 1.00 [0.83, 1.21] | 46.5% |
| Alcohol misuse | 35.3% | 1.02 [0.90, 1.16] | 34.5% |
| Financial Status - Secure financial status | 40.8% | Reference group | 39.9% |
| Problematic financial status | 22.1% | 0.94 [0.79, 1.13] | 22.3% |
| At-risk financial status | 37.0% | 0.88 [0.76, 1.03] | 37.8% |
| Military Occupation - Service support | 41.4% | Reference group | 38.3% |
| Combat arms | 23.0% | 0.87 [0.73, 1.03] | 22.8% |
| Combat support | 39.1% | 1.11 [0.96, 1.28] | 38.9% |
| Number of times deployed (1 or more) | 70.6% | 1.02 [0.94, 1.11] | 66.9% |
[i] Note: n = 7,201; Service branch was omitted from the table: (Army 32%, Navy 19%, Air Force, 19%, Marine Corps, 18%, National Guard/Reserves (13%); Joined the National Guard/Reserves after discharge (17%); * p < .05; ** p < .01; *** p < .001.
Table 3
Employment Program Use and the Odds Ratio of Leaving for a Better Opportunity.
| PREDICTOR (PROGRAM COMPONENT) | WAVE 2 BETTER OPPORTUNITY OR [95% CI] | WAVE 3 BETTER OPPORTUNITY OR [95% CI] | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Predicted probability of program use | 0.08 [0.05, 0.13]*** | 0.07 [0.04, 0.13]*** |
| Interviewing, reading online | 0.96 [0.77, 1.18] | 0.86 [0.69, 1.08] | |
| Interviewing, direct instruction | 1.63 [1.24, 2.16]** | 2.00 [1.49, 2.68]*** | |
| Interviewing, rehearsal/role-play | 0.67 [0.48, 0.94]* | 1.41 [1.13, 1.75]**a | |
| Interviewing, mentor/coach | 0.95 [0.72, 1.26] | 1.38 [1.09, 1.74]**a | |
| Model 2 | Predicted probability of program use | 0.08 [0.05, 0.13]*** | 0.08 [0.05, 0.14]*** |
| Resume writing, reading online | 1.74 [1.38, 2.21]*** | 1.64 [1.28, 2.10]*** | |
| Resume writing, direct instruction | 1.18 [1.02, 1.35]*a | 1.30 [1.12, 1.51]*** | |
| Resume writing, interactive online a | 0.81 [0.64, 1.02] | 0.76 [0.60, 0.97]* a | |
| Resume writing, mentor/coach | 1.01 [0.82, 1.25] | 1.30 [1.05, 1.60]* a | |
| Model 3 | Predicted probability of program use | 0.08 [0.05, 0.14]*** | 0.08 [0.05, 0.14]*** |
| Translating military to civilian work, reading online | 0.98 [0.77, 1.23] | 0.93 [0.72, 1.19] | |
| Translating military to civilian work, direct instruction | 1.19 [0.92, 1.55] | 1.58 [1.27, 1.96]***a | |
| Translating military to civilian work, interactive online | 0.94 [0.79, 1.12] | 0.88 [0.73, 1.06] | |
| Translating military to civilian work, mentor/coach | 1.08 [0.83, 1.39] | 1.67 [1.35, 2.06]***a | |
| Model 4 | Predicted probability of program use | 0.08 [0.05, 0.14] | 0.09 [0.05, 0.15]*** |
| Networking conference, networking group | 1.05 [0.80, 1.37] | 1.29 [0.98, 1.70] | |
| Model 5 | Predicted probability of program use | 0.08 [0.05, 0.13]*** | 0.08 [0.04, 0.14]*** |
| Career planning exploration, reading online | 0.98 [0.81, 1.18] | 1.02 [0.84, 1.24] | |
| Career planning exploration, direct instruction | 1.19 [1.01, 1.41]*a | 1.53 [1.24, 1.89]*** | |
| Career planning exploration, interactive online | 1.32 [1.14, 1.51]*** a | 1.31 [1.13, 1.52]*** | |
| Career planning exploration, mentor/coach | 0.99 [0.85, 1.15] a | 0.92 [0.71, 1.20] | |
| Career planning exploration, networking group | 0.95 [0.74, 1.22] | 0.77 [0.59, 0.99]* | |
| Model 6 | Predicted probability of program use | 0.08 [0.05, 0.14]*** | 0.09 [0.05, 0.16]*** |
| Entrepreneurship, reading online | 0.90 [0.68, 1.20] | 0.92 [0.67, 1.25] | |
| Entrepreneurship, direct instruction | 1.19 [0.88, 1.62] | 1.30 [0.93, 1.82] | |
| Entrepreneurship, mentor/coach | 0.87 [0.58, 1.30] | 0.69 [0.43, 1.10] | |
| Model 7 | Job accommodations | 0.86 [0.44, 1.68] | 1.66 [0.89, 3.08] |
| Model 8 | Job training and certification | 0.98 [0.81, 1.19] | 1.01 [0.82, 1.24] |
[i] Note: Leaving for a better opportunity at Wave 2 (6 to 9 months) post separation matched sample (n = 6,218); Leaving for a better opportunity at Wave 3 (12 to 15 months) post separation matched sample (n = 5,908). a These models were analyzed with all processes within one model; however, due to multicollinearity, follow-up analysis with the probability of employment use and individual process/content were added. * p < .05; ** p < .01; *** p < .001.
Table 4
Employment Program Use and the Odds Ratio of Promotion.
| PREDICTOR (PROGRAM COMPONENT) | WAVE 2 PROMOTION OR [95% CI] | WAVE 3 PROMOTION OR [95% CI] | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Predicted probability of program use | 0.20 [0.12, 0.35]*** | 0.23 [0.11, 0.46]*** |
| Interviewing, reading online | 0.97 [0.78, 1.21] | 1.19 [0.90, 1.57] | |
| Interviewing, direct instruction | 0.89 [0.64, 1.24] | 1.04 [0.71, 1.50] | |
| Interviewing, rehearsal/role-play | 0.91 [0.62, 1.34] | 0.78 [0.50, 1.21] | |
| Interviewing, mentor/coach | 1.06 [0.78, 1.43] | 1.06 [0.74, 1.51] | |
| Model 2 | Predicted probability of program use | 0.20 [0.12, 0.34]*** | 0.24 [0.13, 0.46]*** |
| Resume writing, reading online | 1.02 [0.80, 1.30] | 1.35 [1.01, 1.79]* | |
| Resume writing, direct instruction | 0.81 [0.61, 1.07] | 0.79 [0.57, 1.10] | |
| Resume writing, interactive online a | 0.87 [0.73, 1.05] | 1.22 [1.04, 1.43]*a | |
| Resume writing, mentor/coach | 1.23 [0.95, 1.61] | 1.03 [0.80, 1.33] | |
| Model 3 | Predicted probability of program use | 0.21 [0.12, 0.36]*** | 0.23 [0.12, 0.43]*** |
| Translating military to civilian work, reading online | 0.91 [0.75, 1.10] | 1.10 [0.85, 1.44] | |
| Translating military to civilian work, direct instruction | 0.86 [0.69, 1.07] | 1.37 [1.07, 1.75]* | |
| Translating military to civilian work, interactive online | 1.03 [0.84, 1.25] | 1.14 [0.93, 1.39] | |
| Translating military to civilian work, mentor/coach | 1.04 [0.83, 1.29] | 1.02 [0.76, 1.37] | |
| Model 4 | Predicted probability of program use | 0.20 [0.12, 0.34]*** | 0.25 [0.13, 0.47]*** |
| Networking conference, networking group | 0.80 [0.59, 1.07] | 1.38 [1.03, 1.85]* | |
| Model 5 | Predicted probability of program use | 0.21 [0.12, 0.35]*** | 0.22 [0.11, 0.42]*** |
| Career planning exploration, reading online | 0.91 [0.75, 1.10] | 1.09 [0.87, 1.36] | |
| Career planning exploration, direct instruction | 0.85 [0.69, 1.06] | 1.28 [1.05, 1.56]* | |
| Career planning exploration, interactive online | 1.00 [0.81, 1.23] | 0.92 [0.73, 1.17] | |
| Career planning exploration, mentor/coach | 0.96 [0.74, 1.25] | 1.27 [1.07, 1.50]** | |
| Career planning exploration, networking group | 1.15 [0.88, 1.50] | 1.23 [1.02, 1.47]* | |
| Model 6 | Predicted probability of program use | 0.21 [0.12, 0.35]*** | 0.24 [0.12, 0.45]*** |
| Entrepreneurship, reading online | 0.83 [0.61, 1.13] | 1.42 [1.10, 1.82]** | |
| Entrepreneurship, direct instruction | 0.75 [0.53, 1.05] | 0.98 [0.69, 1.39] | |
| Entrepreneurship, mentor/coach | 1.23 [0.81, 1.85] | 1.24 [0.81, 1.91] | |
| Model 7 | Job accommodations | 0.81 [0.40, 1.63] | 0.73 [0.29, 1.84] |
| Model 8 | Job training and certification | 0.90 [0.73, 1.09] | 1.22 [0.97, 1.52] |
[i] Note: Getting a promotion at Wave 2 (6 to 9 months) post separation matched sample (n = 6,218); Getting a promotion at Wave 3 (12 to 15) months post separation matched sample (n = 5,908); a These models were analyzed with all processes within one model; however, due to multicollinearity, follow-up analysis with the probability of employment use and individual process/content were added. * p < .05; ** p < .01; *** p < .001.
| CONTENT AND PROCESS COMPONENT | DEFINITION |
|---|---|
| Interviewing skills | Developing interview skills, preparing for an interview, or providing interview best practices, tips, or tools |
| Resume writing | Providing templates or assistance for resumes for different job categories |
| Translating military experience to civilian work | Translating military experience to civilian work; helping the veteran understand the similarities between their military job and possible civilian jobs; may use the military occupational specialty code (MOS) translation or Air Force Specialty Codes (AFSC) |
| Networking conference | A recurring meeting, often annually or bi-annually, with the goal of sharing ideas with people who have a common interest in obtaining employment or professional development, or learning about other ways to enhance employment opportunities |
| Career planning and exploration | Matching a veteran’s interests to available jobs; devising a plan for attaining long-term career goals; providing industry overviews; identifying similar occupations across diverse industries |
| Entrepreneurship | Helping veterans start or run their own business, including training on how to be an entrepreneur and how to budget for starting a business |
| Job accommodations | Assisting veterans with a disability or condition that prevents standard employment |
| Job training and certification | Providing training or certification in a specific field with a path to employment, such as fellowships, job placements, IT training, project management certification |
[i] Note: Process components were defined as (1) Reading online: text with no interactive parts, read at own pace; (2) Direct instruction: curriculum taught by an instructor - lecture, manual, or video; (3) Rehearsal, role-playing: practicing/rehearsing skills in vivo, or reenacting a hypothetical situation with feedback; (4) Interactive online tool: web-based tools, some interaction with participant, provide tailored information; (5) Mentor/Coach: one-on-one program delivery by a trained/experienced implementer; and (6) Peer learning.