Table 1
Survey Respondents by Sex and Age.
| 20–29 | 30–39 | 40–49 | 50–59 | 60+ | TOTAL | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female | 10 | 43 | 21 | 15 | 8 | 97 (58.43%) |
| Male | 8 | 20 | 17 | 11 | 12 | 68 (40.96%) |
| Other | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.60%) |
| Total | 18 10.84% | 64 38.55% | 38 22.89% | 26 15.66% | 20 12.05% | 166 (100%) |
Table 2
Gendered Differences in Attitudes.
| FEMALE | MALE | FEMALE-MALE GAP | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Disagree that the VA treats men and women equally (n = 168) | 51 51.52% | 22 31.88% | 29 19.64% |
| The VA treats me with less respect than other veterans (n = 118) | 18 25.35% | 3 6.38% | 15 18.97% |
| Have considered running for any elected office (n = 168) | 27 27.27% | 31 44.93% | –4 –17.66% |
| Agree that VSOs are oriented toward male veterans (n = 167) | 70 70.71% | 34 50% | 36 20.71% |
| Experienced at least one of 9 types of challenge to veteran (n = 165) | 90 90.91% | 36 54.55% | 54 36.36% |
Table 3
Effects of Gender on Challenges and Political Engagement.
| MODEL 1 | MODEL 2 | MODEL 3 | MODEL 4 | MODEL 5 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CHALLENGED | CONSIDER RUNNING | POLITICAL ACTIVITY | |||
| Female | 2.40*** (0.54) | –0.74+ (0.45) | –1.16* (0.51) | –0.22 (0.18) | –0.44* (0.18) |
| Age | –0.18 (0.24) | –0.51+ (0.27) | –0.48+ (0.26) | 0.07 (0.09) | 0.10 (0.09) |
| Officer | 0.10 (0.61) | 1.41* (0.61) | 1.44* (0.63) | 0.43+ (0.25) | 0.42+ (0.22) |
| Combat | 0.43 (0.55) | –0.23 (0.58) | –0.36 (0.59) | –0.06 (0.23) | –0.11 (0.22) |
| Challenged | 1.06+ (0.61) | 0.67** (0.24) | |||
| Constant | 0.29 (0.79) | 0.54 (0.79) | –0.05 (0.96) | 0.09 (0.37) | –0.38 (0.42) |
| lnalpha | |||||
| Constant | –1.58+ (0.89) | –2.56 (2.07) | |||
| N | 121 | 121 | 121 | 121 | 121 |
| R2 | |||||
[i] Note: Standard errors in parentheses.
p < 0.10, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.
Figure 1
Effect of Gender Identity on Likelihood of Challenge to Veteran Status.
Figure 2
Effect of Gender Identity and Age on Likelihood of a Veteran to Run for Office.
Figure 3
Effect of Gender Identity and Age on Likelihood of Engagement in Political Activities.