Table 1
Demographic Variables for Final Sample of Veterans who Completed All Surveys (N = 36).
| Variable | Description |
|---|---|
| Gender | Male: 20, Female: 15, Unspecified: 1 |
| Age | Median = 43.5, Range 24–73 |
| Race | White: 9, African American: 10, Latino(a): 7, Hawaiian/Pacific Islander = 2, Two or More = 4, Unspecified = 4 |
| Marital Status | Single = 12, Married = 8, Divorced = 14, Widowed = 1, Unspecified = 1 |
| Children | None = 11, One = 4, Two = 10, Three = 5, Four = 3, Seven = 1, Unspecified = 2 |
| Times Separated from Family | None = 11, Once = 6, Twice = 7, Three = 3, Four or More = 7, Unspecified = 2 |
| Religious Attendance | Never = 12, Monthly = 10, Biweekly = 4, Weekly = 6, More than Weekly = 3, Unspecified = 1 |
| Current Employment | Employed = 11, Unemployed = 24, Unspecified = 1 |
| Service Branch | Army = 15, Navy = 13, Marines = 5, Air Force = 2, Unspecified = 1 |
| Rank at Discharge | Median = E-3, Range E-1 to Major |
| Number of Deployments | None = 10, Once = 6, Twice = 7, Three = 5, Four or more = 6, Unspecified = 2 |
| Overseas | Yes = 23, No = 12, Unspecified = 1 |
| Combat | Yes = 16, No = 19, Unspecified = 1 |
Table 2
Mean Scores on Measures Related to Positive Orientations toward Social Environment.
| Measure | Subscale | Pre-Training | Post-Training | 6 Months Later |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory | Relating to Others | 14.42 (1.43) | 23.83 (1.41) | 19.03 (1.45)** |
| New Possibilities | 12.97 (1.07) | 19.06 (.80) | 15.42 (1.09)* | |
| Personal Strength | 9.86 (1.01) | 15.14 (.63) | 12.72 (.94)** | |
| Spiritual Change | 5.06 (.56) | 6.78 (.50) | 6.08 (.60) | |
| Appreciation of Life | 9.03 (.62) | 11.72 (.45) | 10.17 (.65) | |
| Overall | 52.33 (4.20) | 76.53 (3.27) | 63.42 (4.26)** | |
| Meaning in Life Questionnaire | Presence | 21.57 (1.30) | 26.22 (.93) | 24.17 (1.00)* |
| Search | 4.33 (.28) | 5.02 (.23) | 4.67 (.19) | |
| Overall | 42.97 (2.15) | 51.31 (1.12) | 47.53 (1.25)** | |
| Propensity to Trust Scale | Mistrusting Others | 5.08 (.17) | 4.71 (.17) | 4.71 (.15)* |
| Others Reliable | 3.98 (.20) | 4.08 (.14) | 4.28 (.12) | |
| Risk Aversion | 2.74 (.18) | 2.47 (.14) | 2.66 (.17) | |
| Overall | 3.25 (.12) | 3.40 (.09) | 3.52 (.08)** | |
| Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test | Overall | 18.25 (1.65) | 13.53 (.79) | 14.39 (.91)** |
[i] Note: * = p < .10; ** = p < .05. Data reported as M (SE).
Table 3
Mean Scores Related to Positive Orientation toward Self.
| Measure | Subscale | Pre-training | Post-training | 6 months later |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Life Orientation Test-Revised | Overall | 15.40 (.69) | 17.74 (.68) | 17.00 (.68)** |
| Attitudes Toward Self Scale | Unrealistic Standards | 11.49 (.39) | 11.97 (.41) | 11.57 (.43) |
| Self-Criticism | 10.17 (.47) | 10.97 (.47) | 9.74 (.36) | |
| Overgeneralization | 12.29 (.56) | 11.06 (.62) | 10.22 (.68)*** | |
| Overall | 33.94 (.97) | 34.00 (.99) | 31.58 (.96)* | |
| Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale | Overall | 26.34 (.83) | 29.54 (.82) | 28.67 (.95)** |
[i] Note: * = p < .10; ** = p < .05; *** = p < .01. Data reported as M (SE).
Table 4
Mean Scores on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory.
| Measure | Item | Pre-training | Post-training | 6 months later |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory | Minutes to Fall Sleep | 49.25 (5.68) | 44.42 (5.95) | 52.50 (7.52) |
| Hours of Sleep | 5.06 (.25) | 5.79 (.27) | 5.30 (.31) | |
| Trouble Getting to Sleep | 2.19 (.19) | 1.51 (.22) | 1.58 (.21)*** | |
| Waking During the Night | 2.16 (.19) | 1.66 (.21) | 1.61 (.21)*** | |
| Sleep Quality | 2.11 (.17) | 2.54 (.14) | 2.54 (.18)*** | |
| Sleep Medications | 1.48 (.24) | 1.33 (.22) | 1.07 (.21)** | |
| Daytime Dysfunction | .56 (.15) | .53 (.15) | .46 (.15) |
[i] Note: * = p < .10; ** = p < .05; *** = p < .01. Data reported as M (SE).