Table 1
Personal and Military Demographic Data of Sample (N = 229) and Normative DoD Demographics.
| % TOTAL SAMPLE (n) | 2020 DoD DATA | |
|---|---|---|
| Race/Ethnicity | ||
| Asian | 4.4% (10) | 4.8% |
| Black | 7.4% (17) | 17.2% |
| Latino | 9.6% (22) | 17.2% |
| White | 69.0% (158) | 68.9% |
| Other | 9.6% (22) | 9.1% |
| Gender | ||
| Female | 16.6% (38) | 17.2% |
| Male | 83.4% (191) | 82.8% |
| Branch | ||
| Air Force | 12.3% (28) | 24.7% |
| Army | 38.0% (87) | 36.1% |
| Marines | 39.3% (90) | 13.6% |
| Navy | 9.6% (22) | 25.6% |
| Duty status | ||
| Active | 27.5% (63) | – |
| Veteran | 72.5% (166) | – |
[i] Note. Two respondents did not provide answers regarding their branch of service at the time of their deployment to combat, therefore branch results total to 227 rather than 229. Department of Defense (DoD) race data does not include ethnicity, but a noteworthy portion of the DOD endorsed being ethnically Latino, as a result, the DoD data add up to more than 100%.
Table 2
Item Composition and Factor Structure of the Four-Factor IGRS-15s in a Study of English-Speaking Civilians (Leonardi et al., 2022) and in the Current Sample of US Active Duty and Veteran Military Members (N = 229).
| FACTOR | ITEM # | TEXT | SURVIVOR GUILT | SELF-HATE | OMNIPOTENCE (D/S) | OMNIPOTENCE (R) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Survivor guilt | 7 | The idea of being envied makes me uncomfortable | .61 (.53) | .17 (.10) | .22 (.11) | .22 (.27) |
| 2 | I feel uncomfortable feeling better off than other people | .64 (.57) | .37 (.25) | .27 (.11) | .21 (.27) | |
| 4 | I feel uncomfortable when I believe I am better than others | .67 (.65) | .37 (.19) | .26 (.14) | .36 (.38) | |
| 12 | I conceal or minimize my successes out of concern for making less successful people feel bad | .60 (.57) | .34 (.30) | .25 (.25) | .43 (.43) | |
| 15 | I feel uncomfortable when I receive better treatment that others | .71 (.66) | .17 (.27) | .18 (.32) | .27 (.35) | |
| Self-hate | 1 | I believe that if other people really know me, they would want nothing to do with me | .32 (.26) | .78 (.84) | .25 (.10) | .21 (.24) |
| 11 | I do not deserve to be happy | .37 (.33) | .80 (.69) | .38 (.13) | .28 (.33) | |
| 6 | I believe I have tricked others into liking me | .21 (.20) | .70 (.68) | .32 (.11) | .38 (.34) | |
| Omnipotence (disloyalty/separation) | 13 | I would feel bad if I doubted about the values and beliefs of my family | .33 (.16) | .30 (.08) | .38 (.61) | .07 (.23) |
| 8 | I feel I should visit my parents as often as they wish | .22 (.20) | .21 (.03) | .89 (.69) | .27 (.31) | |
| 14 | I think I should not separate from loved ones because this would be hurtful, disloyal, or make them feel abandoned | .39 (.29) | .34 (.15) | .39 (.62) | .27 (.31) | |
| 10 | I tend to put aside my interests, needs, and passions to take care of other people | .30 (.20) | .44 (.15) | .68 (.72) | .31 (.36) | |
| Omnipotence (responsibility) | 9 | I feel overly responsible for other people’s wellbeing | .42 (.43) | .32 (.32) | .40 (.46) | .77 (.77) |
| 3 | I feel it is my responsibility to fix other people’s problems | .35 (.37) | .32 (.27) | .26 (.27) | .73 (.70) | |
| 5 | I feel selfish and insensitive if I am not the person who takes care of other people | .52 (.51) | .58 (.39) | .30 (.26) | .62 (.59) |
[i] Note. Omnipotence (D/S) = Omnipotence (Disloyalty/Separation) subscale of IGRS-15s; Omnipotence I = Omnipotence (Responsibility) subscale of the IGRS-15s. Loadings in bold are loaded highest onto that subscale/factor. Loadings listed first, i.e., .NN, are item loadings found in the current study. Loadings listed second and in parentheses, i.e. (.NN), are item loadings from Leonardi et al., (2022).
Table 3
Internal Consistencies of Four-Factor Solution in Previous Study of Italian Citizens (Gazzillo et al., 2018), English-Speaking Civilians (Leonardi et al., 2022), and Subscale Intercorrelations in Current Sample of US Post 9/11 Veterans.
| FACTOR | αa | αb | αc | SURVIVOR | O (D/S) | O (R) | SELF-HATE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Survivor guilt | .76 | .75 | .78 | 1 | |||
| Omnipotence (disloyalty) | .57 | .73 | .69 | .40 | 1 | ||
| Omnipotence (responsibility) | .64 | .72 | .72 | .44 | .40 | 1 | |
| Self-hate | .68 | .76 | .81 | .44 | .45 | .47 | 1 |
[i] Note. O (D/S) = Omnipotence (Disloyalty/Separation); O (R) = Omnipotence (Responsibility). All correlations were significant at the p < .001 level.
αa = Cronbach’s alpha for IGRS-15s in Gazzillo et al., 2018.
αb = Cronbach’s alpha for IGRS-15s in Leonardi et al., 2022.
αc = Cronbach’s alpha for IGRS-15s in the present study.
Table 4
Correlations Between IGRS-15s Total and Factor Scores with Other Measures.
| SELF-HATE | SURVIVOR | OMNI (D) | OMNI (R) | IGRS | TRGI | PCL-5 | PHQ-9 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Self-hate | 1.00 | |||||||
| Survivor | .44 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Omni (D) | .45 | .40 | 1.00 | |||||
| Omni (R) | .47 | .44 | .40 | 1.00 | ||||
| IGRS | .79 | .80 | .74 | .69 | 1.00 | |||
| TRGI | .61 | .33 | .37 | .21 | .51 | 1.00 | ||
| PCL-5 | .59 | .33 | .31 | .26 | .50 | .69 | 1.00 | |
| PHQ-9 | .56 | .28 | .24 | .21 | .43 | .58 | .85 | 1.00 |
[i] Note. All correlations were significant at the p < .001 level. Omni (D) = Omnipotence (Disloyalty/Separation) subscale of the IGRS-15s; Omni (R) = Omnipotence (Responsibility) subscale of the IGRS-15s; IGRS = IGRS-15s total score; TRGI = Trauma-Related Guilt Inventory (TRGI; Kubany et al., 1996); PCL-5 = PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (Blevins et al., 2015); PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire, 9-Item version (Kroenke et al., 2001).
Table 5
Sample (N = 229) Distribution of PCL-5 and PHQ-9 Scores by Symptom Severity Level.
| PCL-5 SCORE | N (%) | PHQ-9 SCORE | N (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| >60 | 26 (10.9%) | Severe (20–27) | 22 (9.6%) |
| 46–60 | 22 (9.2%) | Moderately Severe (15–19) | 32 (14.0%) |
| 31–45 | 54 (23.7%) | Moderate (10–14) | 53 (28.4%) |
| 16–30 | 45 (19.7%) | Mild (5–9) | 47 (20.5%) |
| 0–15 | 82 (36.2%) | None (0–4) | 75 (32.8%) |