Gender Differences in Interest, Perceived Personal Capacity, and Participation in STEM-Related Activities

Today, more women than in the past obtain degrees in science and engineering (Dean & Fleckenstein, 2007; Hill, Corbett, & St. Rose, 2010). However, women still remain underrepresented in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) (Hill et al., 2010). Why, after so many systemic efforts (Liston, Peterson, & Ragan, 2008; Lufkin & Reha, 2009), do women continue to be underrepresented in STEM? Valian (2007) suggested that fewer females than males pursue professional careers in science due to low interest. Valian hypothesized that since individuals make their own choices, some individuals, regardless of the encouragement or support they receive, remain uninfluenced and do not explore STEM-related career options. Are females just not interested in STEM? Jolly, Campbell, and Perlman (2004) proposed that certain components must be in place to increase the likelihood of females pursuing interests in STEM.