Table 1:
Comparative analysis of the normative implications of commons and GPGs.
| Commons | GPG | |
|---|---|---|
| Power | Power-with Power as cooperation No unilateral coercion, violence, or manipulation | Power-over Power as the ability to steer the conduct of others Possibility of unilateral coercion, violence or manipulation |
| Relationship with the state | Emergence and governance of commons independent from the hierarchical structure of the state, but ideally not challenged by the state | Provision through supranational and top-down mechanisms capable of coercing free-riding states |
| Spatial scale | Polycentric Eco-centric Small to moderate-sized groups Primary role for the local level Bottom-up | Monocentric Anthropocentric National and larger-sized groups Primary role for international/global level Top-down |