Figure 1
Map of Vietnam showing the location of HLNP.
Figure 2
Land use map.
Figure 3
Percentages of valid (n = 765) answers are given for frequent use of the ESs and for evaluating the ESs as important. (Note: Offering homestay is used as a proxy for recreational activities of tourists).
Figure 4
Percentages of ESs used often or sometimes by residential area are plotted (offering homestay as proxy for recreational activities).
Figure 5
Percentages of responses in favour of willingness to protect the environment as compared to economic development per age group are shown.
Figure 6
Perception of HLNP by the locals. Percentages of the interviewees agreeing or strongly agreeing on the given statements are shown for interviewees living in the core zone and the ones in the buffer zone respectively. The respective sample sizes are given in parentheses, n_cz (n_bz) denotes the sample size in the core zone (buffer zone).
Table 1
Perceptions of park management for the two residential areas are shown.
| Statements regarding park management | Buffer zone | Core zone | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Under the given conditions, HLNP staff do a good job. | 80.7% (n = 161) | 77.5% (n = 488) | 0.378 |
| HLNP staff try to take care of the needs of the local people. | 54.6% (n = 163) | 64.4% (n = 505) | 0.026 |
| HLNP staff go about their tasks in a friendly way. | 79.4% (n = 155) | 72.3% (n = 505) | 0.079 |
The percentage of the interviewees agreeing or strongly agreeing is provided as well as whether the difference between core and buffer zone is statistically significant (p value, obtained via the two-proportion z-test, is in the last column).
Table 2
Valuation of HLNP and tourism for both residential areas are shown.
| Statements regarding tourism | Buffer zone | Core zone | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Generally speaking, tourism in the HLNP is an important economic base. | 85.49% (n = 193) | 89.16% (n = 535) | 0.176 |
| For tourism in the park to be successful its plants and animals have to be preserved. | 96.89% (n = 193) | 97.96% (n = 538) | 0.400 |
| Tourism in the park makes sense only if it is profitable for the local people. | 91.98% (n = 187) | 95.11% (n = 532) | 0.112 |
| The HLNP’ tourism does not benefit the local people. | 64.06% (n = 192) | 78.29% (n = 525) | <0.001 |
| Tourism in the park is a great opportunity for the community. | 34.39% (n = 189) | 45.35% (n = 527) | 0.009 |
Significant differences are tested using the two-proportion z-test (p values are given in the last column).
Table 3
Differences in the use of ESs by the ethnicities.
| Ecosystem services/activities | Dzao (n = 61) | Dzay (n = 104) | Hmong (n = 209) | Kinh (n = 212) | Tay (n = 93) | Total (n = 679) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Growing plants | 96.7% | 91.3% | 95.7% | 72.6% | 95.7% | 87.8% |
| Drinking water abstraction | 91.8% | 83.7% | 87.6% | 64.6% | 93.5% | 81.2% |
| Pasture (grazing livestock) | 96.7% | 82.7% | 92.8% | 43.9% | 91.4% | 76.2% |
| Collecting firewood | 91.8% | 67.3% | 96.7% | 33.0% | 91.4% | 71.0% |
| Cultural or religious aspects | 54.1% | 25.0% | 43.5% | 6.6% | 22.6% | 27.4% |
| Offering homestay | 11.5% | 50.0% | 12.0% | 22.2% | 36.6% | 24.3% |
| Collecting plants | 52.5% | 17.3% | 26.8% | 17.0% | 25.8% | 24.3% |
| Collecting mushrooms | 31.1% | 17.3% | 40.2% | 5.2% | 17.2% | 21.7% |
| Timber wood | 39.3% | 3.8% | 36.8% | 0.5% | 24.7% | 19.0% |
| Aquaculture | 14.8% | 9.6% | 3.3% | 7.5% | 20.4% | 9.0% |
| Hunting | 11.5% | 4.8% | 12.4% | 1.4% | 11.8% | 7.7% |
| Extraction of minerals | 6.6% | 1.0% | 12.0% | 2.8% | 4.3% | 5.8% |
The percentages of the respondents using the corresponding ESs “often” or “sometimes” are shown (offering homestay is a proxy for recreational activities).
Figure 7
Perceptions of benefits and hindrances of nature protection measures in HLNP expressed as percentages of respondents strongly agreeing or agreeing with the statements are plotted.
Figure 8
Percentages of interviewees who strongly agree, agree, disagree or strongly disagree with the statements (A) Generally speaking, tourism in HLNP is an important economic base (B) HLNP tourism does not benefit the local people and (C) Tourism brings problems to the community. The width of the columns denotes the relative sample size of the corresponding ethnicity.
Table A.1
Complete list of questions used in the study.
| Wordings of questions | Scale/Values | World Value Survey (WVS)Wave 5 (2005–2009)Vietnam 2006 |
|---|---|---|
| What is your year of birth, please? 19 | V236 | |
| What ethnicity are you? | 1 - Dzao, 2 - Dzáy, 3 - H’Mong, 4 - Hoa, 5 - Kinh, 6 - Tày, 7 - Mương, 8 - Nùng, 9 - Thái, 10 - Xà Phó(Phù Lá), 11 - Other, please specify: | |
| What is the highest educational level you have attained? | 1 - No formal education, 2 - Primary school, 3 - Secondary school, 4 - High school, 5 - Higher education | |
| What is your main profession related to? | 1 - Agriculture, 2 - Forestry, 3 - Manufacture, 4 - Tourism, 5 - Public administration, 6 - Other: | |
| For each of the following activities that are possible in the HLNP, please indicate: How often have you done the activity? AND How important is each of the activity for you? 1 - Growing plants, 2 - Use of park areas for pasture (grazing livestock), 3 - Use of park areas for aquaculture, 4 - Extraction of minerals, 5 - Collecting firewood, 6 - Use timber wood, 7 - Collecting plants, 8 - Collecting mushrooms, 9 - Hunting, 10 - Offering homestay, 11 - Using the HLNP for cultural or religious aspects, 12 - Using the HLNP for drinking water abstraction | 1 - Never, 2 - Rarely, 3 - Sometimes, 4 - often1 - Very important, 2 - Rather important, 3 - Not very important, 4 - Not at all important | |
| For each of the following statements about the HLNP, please specify whether you strongly agree, agree, disagree, or strongly disagree with it. 1 - The HLNP is important for the livelihood of the local people. 2 - The restrictions on the HLNP cause fewer opportunities for regional development. 7 - Generally, the restrictions imposed by the HLNP are too severe. 8 - It is good that plants and animals are protected by the HLNP. 9 - Local people should have more influence on management of the HLNP. | 1 - Strongly agree, 2 - Agree, 3 - Disagree, 4 - Strongly disagree, 5 - Don’t know | |
| Concerning the HLNP’ staff, please indicate whether you strongly agree, agree, disagree, or strongly disagree with the following statements: 1 - Under the given conditions, HLNP’ staff do a good job. 2 - HLNP’ staff try to take care of the needs of the local people. 3 - HLNP’ staff go about their tasks in a friendly way. 4 - Generally speaking, tourism in the HLNP is an important economic base. 5 - The HLNP’ tourism does not benefit the local people. 6 - Tourism in the park is a great opportunity for the community. 7 - Tourism in the park makes sense only if it is profitable for the local people. 8 - For tourism in the park to be successful its plants and animals have to be preserved. | 1 - Strongly agree, 2 - Agree, 3 - Disagree, 4 - Strongly disagree, 5 - Don’t know, | |
| Here are two statements people sometimes make when discussing the environment and economic growth. Which of them comes closer to your own point of view? | 1 - Protecting the environment should be given priority, even if it causes slower economic growth and some loss of jobs. 2 - Economic growth and creating jobs should be the top priority, even if the environment suffers to some extent. 3 - Don’t know | V104 |
| All things considered, how satisfied are you with your life as a whole these days?Using the scale of which 1 means you are “completely dissatisfied” and 10 means you are “completely satisfied”. Where would you put your satisfaction with your life as a whole? | 1 - Completely dissatisfied up to 10 - Completely satisfied | V22 |
| How satisfied are you with the financial situation of your household? | 1 - Completely dissatisfied up to 10 - Completely satisfied | V68 |
| I would like to ask you how much you trust people from various groups. Could you tell me whether you trust people from this group completely, somewhat, not very much, or not at all? 1 - Your family, 2 - Your friends, 3 - Local community, 4 - Village chief, 5 - Shaman, 6 - Education system, 7 - Health-care system, 8 - Park management, 9 - Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) | 1 - Trust completely, 2 - Trust somewhat, 3 - Do not trust very much, 4 - Do not trust at all, 5 - Don’t know | V125 - Your family |
| For each of the following acts please indicate whether you think it is always justified, never justified, or somewhere in between: 1 - Claiming government benefits to which you are not entitled 2 - A villager illegally cuts wood in the HLNP 3 - Illegal hunting in the HLNP 4 - Accepting a bribe in the course of someone’s duties 5 - HLNP management places arbitrary rules on local people 6 - Park management allows too many tourists to visit the national park | 1 - Never justifiable up to 10- Always justifiable. | V198_ Claiming government benefits to which you are not entitledV201_ Accepting a bribe in the course of someone’s duties |
| Information recorded by interviewer | ||
| Gender of interviewee | 1 - Male, 2 - Female | V235 |
| Survey code to identify an interviewee’s living zone (buffer zone or core zone) | SP-Sapa Town, SSH-San Sa Ho, LC-Lao Chai, TV-Ta Van, BH-Ban Ho | |