Figure 1:
Map showing the case-study areas.
Table 1:
Population of respondents connected to protected area, number of responses, and response rate (adapted from Rønning and Fedreheim 2009).
| Population | Number of responses | Response rate | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Varangerhalvøya national park | 138 | 29 | 21.0% |
| Øvre Pasvik national park | 17 | 2 | 11.8% |
| Reisa national park | 20 | 7 | 35.0% |
| Lyngsalpan protected landscape | 715 | 118 | 16.5% |
| Sjunkhatten national park | 291 | 65 | 22.3% |
| Junkerdal national park | 34 | 7 | 20.6% |
| Lomsdal/Visten national park | 142 | 40 | 28.2% |
| Vega World Heritage Site | 172 | 56 | 32.6% |
| Total | 1529 | 324 | 21.2% |
Table 2
Demographical variables of the two samples (adapted from Rønning and Fedreheim 2009).
| Sample 1: Business actors and landowners | Sample 2: Recreationists | |
|---|---|---|
| Average age | 58.6 years | 45.3 years |
| Gender | 69.9% men | 70.0% men |
| Marital status | 69.2% married/cohabiting | 75.1% married/cohabiting |
| Education | 36.7% college/university | 80.0% college/university |
Table 3:
Second-tier characteristics of actors relevant in analyzing social-ecological systems.
| Characteristic of actors | Landowners | Business actors | Recreationists | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-tourism operators | Tourism operators | ||||
| A1* | Number of actors | Large | Small | Small | Large |
| A2 | Socio-cultural attributes of actors | – | Sámi heritage for reindeer owners | – | More highly educated than the other groups |
| A3 | History of use | No active use; only ownership of land | Active use | Active use | Active use |
| Sámi traditional use | |||||
| A4 | Location | Rural and urban | Rural | Rural and urban | Rural and urban |
| A5* | Leadership/ | – | Lobbying at national level | Entrepreneurship networks | Lobbying at national level |
| entrepreneurship | Political power | Broad public support | |||
| A6* | Norms/ | – | Group formation driven by economic interests | Lack of previous experience on group organization | Strong social capital |
| social capital | Tensions between sheep and reindeer owners | Public support for shared norm development | Developed norms on group organization | ||
| A7* | Knowledge of SES/mental models | Traditional extensive knowledge of SES | Traditional extensive knowledge of SES | Variable knowledge: local vs. external operators | Traditional extensive knowledge |
| No concern for conservation objectives | Sustainable development principles | Biodiversity preservation | |||
| A8* | Importance of resource | Related to land ownership | Commercial | Commercial | Recreational |
| Area dependent | Area dependent | Area independent | Area independent | ||
| A9 | Technology used | Residence dependent | Motorized vehicles | None | None |
*Variables that according to the SES framework have a higher relevance in explaining the capacity of actors to develop collective action.Shaded variables are those identified in in-depth interviews as key variables in determining actors’ perceptions on the capacity of the new co-management to reduce conflict.
Table 4:
Ordered logistic models of agreement of actors on the capacity of co-management to reduce conflicts based on actor characteristics.
| Characteristic | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | Model 7 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sámi | 0.293(0.346) | 0.321(0.349) | 0.335(0.348) | 0.335(0.357) | 0.315(0.357) | 0.348(0.350) | 0.367(0.350) |
| Education | 0.324*(0.078) | 0.319*(0.078) | 0.312*(0.078) | 0.319*(0.078) | 0.311*(0.078) | 0.323*(0.079) | 0.316*(0.079) |
| Gender | –0.222(0.196) | –0.238(0.198) | –0.264(0.199) | –0.242(0.199) | –0.258(0.200) | –0.229(0.198) | –0.254(0.200) |
| Age | –0.008(0.007) | –0.009(0.007) | –0.007(0.007) | –0.009(0.007) | –0.007(0.007) | –0.009(0.007) | –0.008(0.007) |
| Landowner | –0.995*(0.267) | –0.996*(0.267) | –1.053*(0.268) | –0.991*(0.269) | –1.061*(0.267) | –1.058*(0.275) | –1.125*(0.277) |
| Business actor | –0.578*(0.249) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Tourism businesses | – | –0.396(0.377) | –0.339(0.383) | –0.391(0.377) | –0.348(0.385) | –0.404(0.376) | –0.344(0.381) |
| Non-tourism businesses | – | –0.688*(0.302) | –0.648*(0.303) | –0.688*(0.302) | –0.647*(0.303) | –0.743*(0.308) | –0.709*(0.309) |
| Local | – | – | –0.922*(0.186) | – | –0.926*(0.186) | – | –0.928*(0.186) |
| Area participation | – | – | – | 0.034(0.196) | –0.052(0.198) | – | – |
| Area private | – | – | – | – | – | 0.190(0.205) | 0.218(0.206) |
| Observations | 399 | 399 | 399 | 399 | 399 | 399 | 399 |
| Prob>chi2 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
* indicate 1% levels of significance; standard errors are in parentheses. The independent variable in Models 1–7 was rated on a 1–5 scale (1 for strongly agree to 5 for strongly disagree) on whether the respondent agrees that co-management will reduce conflicts over protected areas. The omitted variable for actors’ types is “Recreationalists”.