Figure 1
The study area.
Table 1
Design principles.
| Principles | Description | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Clearly Defined Boundaries | 1A) | Individuals or households who have rights to withdraw resource units from the CPR system must be clearly defined. |
| 1B) | The boundaries of the CPR must be well defined. | ||
| 2 | Congruence between appropriation and provision rules and local condition | 2A) | Appropriation rules restricting time, place, technology, and/or quantity of resource units are related to local conditions. |
| 2B) | The benefits obtained by users from a CPR, as determined by appropriation rules, are proportional to the amount of inputs required in the form of labour, material, and/or money, as determined by provision rules. | ||
| 3 | Collective-Choice Arrangements | 3) | Most individuals affected by operational rules can participate in modifying operational rules. |
| 4 | Monitoring | 4A) | Monitors are present and actively audit CPR conditions and appropriator behaviour. |
| 4B) | Monitors are accountable to or are appropriators. | ||
| 5 | Graduated Sanctions | 5) | Appropriators who violate operational rules are likely to be assessed by other appropriators, officials accountable to these appropriators, or both, and given graduated sanctions (depending on the seriousness and context of the offense). |
| 6 | Conflict-ResolutionMechanisms | 6) | Appropriators and their officials have rapid access to low-cost local arenas to resolve conflict among appropriators or between appropriators and officials. |
| 7 | Minimal Recognition of Rights to Organize | 7) | The rights of appropriators to devise their own institutions are not challenged by external governmental authorities. |
| 8 | Nested Enterprises | 8) | Appropriation, provision, monitoring, enforcement, conflict resolution, and governance activities are organised in multiple layers of nested enterprises. |
[i] Source: Cox et al. (2010).
Table 2
Viability indicators.
| Dimension | Description | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Environmental viability | 1A) Implementation of management plans for natural CPRs. 1B) Presence of Natura 2000 sites. |
| 2 | Social viability | 2) Participation in the Consorzi governance. |
| 3 | Economic viability | 3A) Creation of job opportunities. 3B) Access to EU funds. |
Table 3
Denomination of Consorzi Vicinali.
| Code | Denomination |
|---|---|
| A | Consorzio Vicinale Comunità di Pontebba Nova/Nachbarshaft Pontafel |
| B | Consorzio Vicinale di Laglesie S. Leopoldo/Nachbarshaft Leopoldskirchen |
| C | Consorzio Vicinale/Nachbarshaft Santa Caterina |
| D | Consorzio Vicinale di Bagni di Lusnizza/Nachbarshaft Lussnitz |
| E | Consorzio Vicinale di Malborghetto-Cucco/Nachbarshaft Malborgeth Gugg |
| F | Consorzio Vicinale di Ugovizza/Nachbarshaft- Gemeinde Weide Uggowitz |
| G | Consorzio Vicinale di Valbruna/Nachbarshaft Wolfbach |
| H | Consorzio Agrario – Vicinia di Camporosso/Agrar Gemeinshaft – Nachbarshaft Saifnitz |
| I | Consorzio Agrario – Comunanza – Vicinia di Tarvisio/Agrar Gemeinshaft – Nachbarshaft der Stadtgemeinde Tarvis |
| L | Vicinia Plezzut |
| M | Consorzio Vicinale Cave del Predil |
| N | Consorzio “Comunità di Rutte”/Dorfshaft Greuth |
| O | Consorzio di Ortigara Inferiore |
| P | Consorzio Località di Fusine in Valromana |
| Q | Consorzio Pascoli dei Privilegiati Proprietari di Fusine in Valromana |
| R | Consorzio Agricolo di Aclete/Ortshaft Eichleten |
| S | Consorzio Agricolo località di Poscolle |
| T | Consorzio Vicinale di Coccau/Dorfshaft Goggau |
| U | Consorzio Agrario di Ratece/Agrarna Skupnost |
Table 4
Legal status, type and extent of CPRs, and number of members of Consorzi Vicinali.
| Code | Legal status (a) | CPRs | Members |
|---|---|---|---|
| A | 1 | Natural resources: lands (forest, pasture, unproductive land, uncultivated land), mountain rivers=3458.54 ha Real estate: 5 alpine huts, 3 mountain huts, 1 former dairy farm (Consorzio Headquarters, HQ), 2 urban buildings, 2 sheds | 88 |
| B | 1 | Natural resources: lands (forest, pasture, meadows, gravel)=250 ha Real estate: 3 alpine huts, 1 former dairy farm (Consorzio HQ) | 60 |
| C | 2 | Natural resources: lands (forest, pasture, meadows, gravel) (ha not available) Real estate: none | 4 |
| D | 1 | Natural resources: lands (forest, meadows, gravel), sulphur water spring=approx. 170 ha Real estate: 1 alpine hut, 1 former dairy farm | 24 |
| E | 1 | Natural resources: lands (forest, pasture, meadows, unproductive land), mountain rivers=56 ha Real estate: 2 alpine huts, 1 house (Consorzio HQ) | 96 |
| F | 1 | Natural resources: lands (forest, pasture, meadows), mountain rivers=160 ha Real estate: 3 alpine huts, 1 former dairy farm (Consorzio HQ) Assets located in Austria: lands (forest, pasture)=117 ha; 3 mountain huts, 1 hunting post | 112 |
| G | 1 | Natural resources: lands (forest, meadows)=10 ha Real estate: 1 alpine hut, 1 former dairy farm (Consorzio HQ), 1 shed | 59 |
| H | 1 | Natural resources: lands (forest, pasture, agricultural lands, other lands)=127 ha Real estate: 1 alpine hut, 3 houses (1 is the Consorzio HQ), 2 depots, 6 rural buildings | 150 |
| I | 2 | Natural resources: lands (forest, pasture, meadows)=120 ha Real estate: 1 alpine hut | 75 |
| L | 2 | Natural resources: lands (forest) (ha not available) Real estate: none | 5 |
| M | 2 | Natural resources: not available Real estate: not available | Not available |
| N | 1 | Natural resources: lands (forest, unproductive land)=100 ha Real estate: former elementary school | 51 |
| O | 2 | Natural resources: lands (meadows)=1 ha Real estate: none | 4 |
| P | 2 | Natural resources: lands (forest, pasture)=23 ha Real estate: none | 53 (b) |
| Q | 2 | Natural resources: lands (forest, pasture)=117 ha Real estate: 1 alpine hut | 51 (b) |
| R | 2 | Natural resources: lands (forest) (ha not available) Real estate: 1 forest road; 1 wood yard | 8 |
| S | 2 | Natural resources: none Real estate: 1 aqueduct, 1 drinking-trough | 4 |
| T | 1 | Natural resources: lands (forest, pasture, meadows)=13 ha Real estate: 1 house (Consorzio HQ) | 35 |
| U | 2 | Natural resources: lands (forest, pasture, meadows, unproductive land)=2500 ha in total, 703 ha in Italy Real estate: located in Slovenia (not available) | 200 |
[i] (a) Legal status: 1=Comunione familiare montana; 2=Agrarian association.
(b) P has 53 members, of whom 51 are also members of Q.
Table 5
Internal documents of Consorzi Vicinali.
| Code | Statute | Rules | Management plan |
|---|---|---|---|
| A | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| B | Yes | No | Yes |
| C | No | No | No |
| D | Yes | No | No |
| E | Yes | Yes | No |
| F | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| G | Yes | No | No |
| H | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| I | No | No | No |
| L | No | No | No |
| M | No | No | No |
| N | Yes | No | No |
| O | No | No | No |
| P | No | Yes | Yes |
| Q | No | Yes | Yes |
| R | No | No | No |
| S | No | No | No |
| T | Yes | Yes | No |
| U | No | Yes | No |
Table 6:
Adherence to the design principles (dp) of Consorzi Vicinali.
| Code | dp1A | dp1B | dp2A | dp3 | dp4A | dp4B | dp5 | dp6 | dp7 | dp8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Weak | Yes | Yes |
| B | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| C | Yes | Weak | Weak | Yes | Weak | Weak | Weak | Weak | Yes | Yes |
| D | Yes | Yes | Weak | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| E | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| F | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| G | Yes | Yes | Weak | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| H | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| I | Yes | Yes | No | No | Weak | Weak | No | No | Yes | No |
| L | Yes | Weak | No | No | Weak | Weak | No | No | Yes | No |
| M | No | No | No | No | Weak | Weak | No | No | Yes | No |
| N | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| O | Yes | Yes | No | No | Weak | Weak | No | No | Yes | No |
| P | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Weak | Weak | Yes | Yes |
| Q | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Weak | Weak | Yes | Yes |
| R | Yes | Weak | Weak | Yes | Weak | Weak | No | No | Yes | Weak |
| S | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Weak | Weak | No | No | Yes | Weak |
| T | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| U | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Weak | Weak | Yes | Yes |
Table 7
Adherence to the viability indicators (vi) of Consorzi Vicinali.
| Code | vi1A | vi1B | vi2 | vi3A | vi3B |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
| B | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes |
| C | No | No | Yes | No | No |
| D | No | No | Yes | No | No |
| E | No | No | Weak | No | No |
| F | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| G | No | Yes | Yes | No | No |
| H | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
| I | No | No | No | No | No |
| L | No | No | No | No | No |
| M | No | No | No | No | No |
| N | No | No | Weak | No | No |
| O | No | No | No | No | No |
| P | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Q | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| R | No | Yes | Yes | No | No |
| S | No | No | Yes | No | No |
| T | No | No | Yes | No | No |
| U | No | No | Yes | No | No |