Figure 1
Research sites of NTFP chains in Cameroon.
Figure 2
Intensity and presence of governance arrangements in eight NTFP chains from Cameroon.
Figure 3
The legitimacy of governance arrangements.
Photo 1:
National meeting of beekeepers in Cameroon, Ngaoundal, Adamaoua region, August 2010.
Table 1
Existence and intensity scoring of governance arrangements.
| Strong 10 | Clear 8 | Moderate 5 | Weak 2 | Non-existent 0 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Existence of an institution and rules/norms known and named | Well known by all actors; clearly stated | Stated by majority of actors | Named, some rules known | Not clear, few rules discernible | Not stated or known |
| 2. Boundaries of rights known by chain actors | Well known and stated by all actors | Known by most | Known to some | Little known | Not known |
| 3. Monitoring and compliance with rules | Frequent | Occasional | Infrequent | Low | None |
| 4. Frequency of use of sanctions and enforcement | Frequent | Occasional | Infrequent | Low | None |
| 5. Use of conflict resolution mechanisms | Well-used | Occasional | Infrequent | Little used | Not used |
| 6. Use of individual and collective action to develop and modify rules | Well-used | Occasional | Infrequent | Little used | Not used |
| 7. Nesting horizontally (within a particular scale) and vertically (value chain) | Well-nested, both horizontally and vertically | Partially horizontal and vertical | Some horizontal/and/or vertical | Low horizontal or vertical | None |
| 8. Level of accountability and dependence on actors | High level | Moderate | Low | Minimal | None |
| 9. Moral grounding and (democratic) legitimacy of power | High level | Moderate | Weak | Very weak | No |
| 10. Location of decision making clear to actors | High level, clear to actors | Known | Uncertain | Vague/unclear | No |
| 11. Longevity of institution | Long lived | Long to medium term | Medium to short term | Temporal | None |
| 12. Participation of actors | Frequent | Occasional | Infrequent | Low | None |