Figure 1
Location of the study villages (adapted from http://www.mahaforest.nic.in/internal.php?id=28).
Figure 2
Exploitative behaviour of homo economicus in the absence of information regarding rounds to be played.
Figure 3
Rational/commercial behaviour of homo economicus with information of number of rounds to be played.
Figure 4
Optimal, sustainable behaviour of homo reciprocans.
Figure 5
Round-wise average harvest of all eight communities.
Figure 6
Round-wise average resource size.
Figure 7
Village harvest.
Figure 8
Pattern of individual harvest in two designs.
Figure 9
Change in harvest of top 12 harvesters in no-communication game.
Figure 10
Change in harvest of bottom 12 harvesters in no-communication game.
Table 1
District-wise percentage of forest area and tribal population.
| Serial number | Name of district | Percentage of forest area of the district area | Percentage of tribal population of the district population |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Amravati | 26.10 | 13.69 |
| 2. | Chandrapur | 35.60 | 18.10 |
| 3. | Dhule | 4.47 | 25.99 |
| 4. | Gadchiroli | 70.05 | 38.35 |
| 5. | Nandurbar | 20.37 | 65.54 |
| 6. | Thane | 30.47 | 14.74 |
Sources: India State of Forest Report (2009) (http://www.fsi.nic.in/sfr_2009.htm); Ministry of Tribal Affairs (2001) census (http://trti.mah.nic.in/static_pages/frm_CenPopu3.htm).
Table 2
Village details.
| Village | Population | Number of households | Percentage of tribal population | Distance from nearest town (km) | Percentage of households with electricity | Average landholding (ha) | Out-migration | Forest area (ha) | Year JFM was established |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aire | 1429 | 243 | 100 | 9 | 4.5 | 2 | Yes | 634.41 | 2003 |
| Gadhaddeo | 2160 | 522 | 90 | 3 | 1.9 | 1.2 | Yes | 1781.6 | 2005 |
| Bijrigavhan | 1040 | 189 | 100 | 5 | 27.5 | 1.2 | Yes | 154.63 | 2006 |
| Talwada | 246 | 66 | 90 | 10 | 0 | 0.8 | No | 522.05 | 2004 |
| Zimela | 392 | 78 | 100 | 18 | 10.2 | 1 | No | 575.26 | 1999 |
| Khongda | 469 | 82 | 80 | 9 | 18.2 | 1 | Yes | 871.52 | 2000 |
| Kargata | 180 | 40 | 75 | 6 | 87.5 | 1 | No | 526 | 2000 |
| Bhagwanpur | 320 | 110 | 90 | 14 | 100 | 1.5 | Yes | 550 | – |
Table 3
Maximum allowed individual harvest in a round.
| Resource level | 100–25 | 24–20 | 19–15 | 14–10 | 9–5 | 4–0 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Harvest | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
Table 4
Experimental harvesting behaviour.
| No communication | Communication | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Aire | 11.4 (13.65) | 6.8 (4.32) | –0.674 (0.5) |
| 2. Bijrigavhan | 5.8 (2.17) | 14 (4.64) | –2.023** (0.043) |
| 3. Gadhaddeo | 9 (6.04) | 11 (3.16) | –0.677 (0.498) |
| 4. Khongda | 12 (6.44) | 13.2 (7.79) | –0.577 (0.564) |
| 5. Zimela | 18.2 (6.22) | 13.2 (2.39) | –1.841* (0.066) |
| 6. Talwada | 25 (14.73) | 12.6 (3.43) | –2.032** (0.042) |
| 7. Kargata | 17.6 (5.77) | 12.4 (0.89) | –1.769* (0.077) |
| 8. Bhagwanpur | 13.2 (4.60) | 10.0 (0) | –1.342 (0.180) |
| 9. Eight communities together | 70.125 (30.19) | 58.25 (11.71) | –1.120 (0.263) |
| 10. Forty participants together | 14.025 (9.59) | 11.65 (4.26) | –1.404 (0.160) |
*Statistically significant at the 10% level.
**Statistically significant at the 5% level.