Figure 1
Map of Kyoto Prefecture and Location of Yamaguni district.
Note: Made by Daisaku Shimada by using the blank map software Kenmap8.3 and Mapmap6.
Figure 2
Eleven villages in Yamaguni district.
Note: Made by Daisaku Shimada by using the map of Geographical Survey Institute.
Figure 3
Common forest management by enlarged residents’ association.
Figure 4
Establishment of common forest management organization independent of residents’ association.
Figure 5
Establishment of authorized neighborhood associations to manage common forests.
Figure 6
Composition of Revenues of the Tō Residents’ Association, 1987–2004.
Source: Account books of Tō Residents’ Association (1987–2004).
Figure 7
Revenues from common forests in Tō.
Source: Account books of Tō Residents’ Association and common forests management organization (1965–2006) and Forest Agency (2011).
Note: Figures for 1974, 1981, 1986, 1991 and 2001 are missing data.
Table 1
Ownership of forests by management form in Yamaguni district (2003).
| Total forest area | State (Japan) | Prefecture (Kyoto-fu) | City (Kyoto-shi) | Property Ward (zaisanku) | Public Corporation of Forestry and Greenery | Private Corporation | Shrine or Temple | A forestry owners’ association | Customary common property (iriai) | Private individual | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Area (ha) | 4562.82 | 3.02 | 0.00 | 2.91 | 228.24 | 10.00 | 99.89 | 93.65 | 22.69 | 549.00 | 3553.42 |
| Percentage of total forests | 100.00 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 5.00 | 0.22 | 2.19 | 2.05 | 0.50 | 12.03 | 77.88 |
Source: Forestry statistics of Hokusou in 2003, reprinted from Shimada (2008) by permission of the Forest Economic Research Institute.
Table 2
Do commons user groups allow newcomers to hold rights in the commons?
Note: In the regionalization used here, the Kantō region includes Nagano and Yamanashi prefectures.
Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries of Japan (2000).
Table 4
Institutional changes in Tō (bold vertical lines mark an intentional change in institutions).
Table 5
Community organizations in Tō and their composition by household.
Source: Documents submitted to the annual meeting of the Tō Residents Association in 2007,
Note 1: Each cell containing “o” indicates that this household was a member of this organization.
Note 2: “Supporting members” of the Tō Residents’ Association usually did not live in Tō, but did business there. “Shrine” members of the parishioners’ (ujiko) organization affiliated with Tenmangu Shrine, the Shinto patron of Tō. “Yamaguni” refers to Yamaguni Neighborhood Community Association. “TV coops” refers to membership in cooperatives that have master television antennas for community reception. “Common forests” refers to the common forests management organization Tō. “Temple” refers to membership in the patrons’ (danka) organization of Sanmyōin, a Buddist temple Tō.
Table 6
Expenditures of Tō common forests management committee (1987–2004).
| Management of common forest | Tranfser to Tō residents’ association | Transfer to Tō farmers’ cooperative (nōkyō) | Transfer to temple and Shinto shrine in Tō | Cost of maintaining community center | Dividend payment to rights-holders | Other | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amount of money (in yen) | 37,294,172 | 17,988,000 | 2,000,000 | 11,742,000 | 3,317,000 | 46,436,000 | 13,960,014 | 132,737,496 |
| Composition of total (%) | 28.10 | 13.55 | 1.51 | 8.85 | 2.50 | 34.98 | 10.52 | 100.0 |
Source: Account books of Tō common forests management committee (1987–2004).
