Figure 1:
Characteristics of benefit-sharing mechanisms.
Table 1:
Typologies of participation.
| Typology of participation | Characteristics |
|---|---|
| Manipulative | People’s representative is unelected and has no power. |
| Passive | People are simply being told what has been decided; unilateral announcement by administrators. |
| Participation by consultation | People are consulted but analysis and decisions are made by external agents. |
| Participation for material incentives | People contribute resources (e.g. land and labour), and receive cash, food and other material incentives. People have no stake in prolonging participation when the incentives end. |
| Functional participation | People’s participation is in response to predetermined objectives formulated by external agents. They may be involved in decision-making, but tend to appear only after major decisions have been made. They may simply be co-opted. |
| Interactive participation | People participate in joint analysis, development of action plans, and formation or strengthening of local institutions. Participation is a right, not an obligation to achieve a goal. A group has control over local decisions and resources. They have a stake in maintaining structures or practices. |
| Self-mobilisation | Independent initiative by the people. Contact with external institution is based on their needs. They retain control over decisions and resources used. Participation is facilitated by outside technical assistance. Structure and distribution of wealth and power may or may not be challenged from within. |
Source: Pimbert and Pretty (1994) in International Institute for Environment and Development (1994).
Table 2:
Overview of the Bolsa Floresta Program (BFP).
Source: Adapted from the Amazonas State Secretariat for Sustainable Development website (www.sds.am.gov.br).