Figure 1
Institutional linkages Pred Nai Community Forest Group, Thailand (Adapted from Senyk 2006).
Figure 2
Institutional linkages leading to the development of the Arapaima Management Project, Guyana. Iwokrama is a national NGO; North Rupununi District Development Board (NRDDB) is a Regional Indigenous Organization; Mamirauá is a Brazilian NGO and also the name of a Protected Area (Fernandes 2005).
Figure 3
Evolution of community-based conservation in Namibia (Hoole 2007, Hoole this issue).
Figure 4
Institutional interactions among stakeholders of the Casa Matsiguenka Community-based Ecotourism Lodge Enterprise: (a) during development and implementation of the project (1996–2003); (b) in 2005 (Herrera 2006).
Figure 5
Toledo Institute for Development and Environment (TIDE), Belize. Key institutional linkages that facilitated the creation of Port Honduras Marine Reserve (PHMR) and associated livelihood projects (Fernandes 2005).
Figure 6
Honey Care Africa initiative in Kwale District, Kenya: Institutional interactions among stakeholders (Maurice 2004).
Figure 7
Institutional linkages which enabled the Cooperative to obtain Health Certification from the Federal Inspection Service (SIF) for its oysters, Brazil (Medeiros 2004).
Figure 8
Rural Communes’ Medicinal Plant Conservation Center, Pune, India: enabling institutional linkages which helped achieve project goals (Shukla 2004).
Figure 9
Pastoralist Integrated Supporting Programme (PISP), Kenya: (a) Some of the strongest institutional linkages at the present time; (b) Key linkages at the town of Balesa (Robinson 2008).
Figure 10
Key institutional linkages facilitating the activities of the North Rupununi District Development Board (NRDDB), in Guyana (Fernandes 2004).
Table 1
Number of partners of each initiative at the time of field research and number of levels of organization in which these partners operate.
| Cases | Partnersa | Levels of organization |
| Medicinal Plants Conservation Centre, India | 11 | 6 |
| Arapaima conservation, Guyana | 16 | 4 |
| Honey Care Africa Ltd., Kenya – Kakamega | 8 | 5 |
| Honey Care Africa Ltd., Kenya – Kwale | 6 | 5 |
| Cananeia Oyster Producers Co-operative, Brazil | 14 | 4 |
| TIDE Port Honduras marine reserve, Belize | 13 | 4 |
| Pred Nai mangrove rehabilitation, Thailand | 20 | 5 |
| Casa Matsiguenka indigenous ecotourism, Peru | 7 | 3b |
| Nuevo San Juan forest management, Mexico | 22 | 5 |
| Torra Conservancy, Namibia | 8 | 4 |
| Pastoralist Integrated Support Programme, Kenya | 17 | 5 |
aThere may be deviations from the number of partners indicated in figures and these numbers, but these are based on the best estimates of the researchers regarding the major partners.
bThere was an international NGO level until 2003.
Table 2
Cross-level representation of stakeholders in Kakamega Honey Care Africa project, Kenya (Maurice 2004).
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| List of acronyms | |
| Acronyms in the text | |
| AKF | Aga Khan Foundation |
| CBNRM | Community-based natural resources management |
| CBO | Community-based organization |
| CEDIA | Centro para el Desarrollo del Indígena Amazónico (Peruvian NGO) |
| Cooperostra | Cananeia Oyster Producers Cooperative |
| CRSP | Coastal Rural Support Program |
| EI | Equator Initiative |
| FRLHT | Foundation for the Revitalization of Local Health Traditions |
| HCA | Honey Care Africa Ltd. |
| INRENA | Instituto Nacional de Recursos Naturales (Peruvian government) |
| MDGs | Millennium Development Goals |
| MLFD | Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development |
| NGO | Non-governmental organization |
| NRDDB | North Rupununi District Development Board |
| PHMR | Port Honduras Marine Reserve |
| PISP | Pastoralist Integrated Support Programme |
| RC | Rural Commune |
| RCMPCC | Rural Communes’ Medicinal Plant Conservation Center |
| RDF | Royal Forest Department |
| RECOFT | Regional Community Forestry Training Center for Asia and the Pacific |
| TAC | Technical Advisory Committee – Equator Initiative |
| TIDE | Toledo Institute for Development and Environment |
| TNC | The Nature Conservancy |
| UNDP | United Nations Development Program |
| Acronyms in the Figures | |
| Figure 1 – Thailand case | |
| CODI | Community Organization Development Institute |
| DMCR | Department of Marine and Coastal Resources |
| RDF | Royal Forest Department |
| RECOFT | Regional Community Forestry Training Center for Asia and the Pacific |
| SIF | Social Investment Fund |
| TAO | Tambon Administration Organization |
| TRF | Thailand Research Fund |
| Figure 4 – Peru case | |
| APECO | Asociación Peruana para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (NGO) |
| CEDIA | Centro para el Desarrollo del Indígena Amazónico (NGO) |
| CM | Casa Matsiguenka |
| COMARU | Consejo Machiguenga del Río Urubamba (indigenous org.) |
| Ecotour-Manu | Association of Manu Tour Operator Agencies |
| FANPE | Fortalecimiento del Sistema Nacional de Areas Naturales Protegidas por el Estado (national project funded by the GTZ) |
| GTZ | Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (German Technical Cooperation) |
| INRENA | Instituto Nacional de Recursos Naturales (government org.) |
| PNM | Parque Nacional del Manu (Manu Nacional Park) |
| Figure 5 – Belize case | |
| TIDE | Toledo Institute for Development and Environment |
| TNC | The Nature Conservancy |
| Figure 6 – Kenya case – HCA | |
| AKF | Aga Khan Foundation |
| CRSP | Coastal Rural Support Program |
| HCA | Honey Care Africa Ltd. |
| MLFD | Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development |
| VDC | Village Development Committee |
| VDO | Village Development Organization |
| Figure 8 – India case | |
| FRLHT | Foundation for the Revitalization of Local Health Traditions |
| Figure 9 – Kenya case – PISP | |
| ALRMP | Arid Lands Resource Management Project |
| CARITAS | (NGO) |
| CDF | Constituency Development Fund |
| CORDAID | Catholic Organization for Relief and Development Aid |
| DSG | District Steering Group |
| IIRR | International Institute for Rural Reconstruction |
| ITDG | Intermediate Technology Development Group |
| MP | Member of Parliament |
| SMC | School Management Committee |
| WESCOORD | Water and Environmental Sanitation Coordination Group |
| Figure 10 – Guyana case | |
| UNDP GEF | Global Environment Facility – United Nations Development Program |
| DFID | Department for International Development |
| CIDA | Canadian International Development Agency |
| IUCN | World Conservation Union – Netherlands committee |
| Mamiraua | Mamiraua Institute For Sustainable Development |
| CI | Conservation International |
| AS | Audubon Society: Latin America |
| U of F | University of Florida |
| MAA | Ministry of Amerindian Affairs |
| MFCL | Ministry of Fisheries Crops and Livestock |
| GFC | Guyana Forestry Commission |
| THAG | Tourism and Hospitality Association of Guyana |
| GTA | Guyana Tourism Authority |
| GAT | Guyana Aquarium Traders |
| RV | Rock View |
| FPA | Forestry Producers Association |
| CFC | Community Fisheries Committee members |
| MR | Makushi Researchers – Makushi Researcher Unit |
| CEW | Community Environmental Workers |