Figure 1
Flow across boundaries in the context of cooperative research.
Fishers’ knowledge (blue lines) flows to scientists (due to collaboration) but not into policy-making (due to legal mandates). Scientists’ knowledge (red dashed line) flows to fishers (due to collaboration) and into policy-making (due to qualification as the best scientific information).
Figure 2
Cooperative Research Process.
Red dashed lines indicate significant sites of industry participation in research (boundary spanning). Solid black lines indicate scientific activities still conducted in isolation from industry members (boundary maintenance).