Fig. 1.
Extraction of clay raw materials for building ceramics (own work based on Central Statistical Office Warsaw, 2025)
| Name of the deposit | Extraction | |
|---|---|---|
| [Thousand m3] | [%] | |
| Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship | 347 | 26.8 |
| Lesser Poland Voivodeship | 167 | 12.9 |
| Lower Silesian Voivodeship | 139 | 10.7 |
| Subcarpathian Voivodeship | 125 | 9.6 |
| Masovian Voivodeship | 120 | 9.25 |
| Opole Voivodeship | 76 | 5.9 |
| Silesian Voivodeship | 75 | 5.8 |
| Lubusz Voivodeship | 73 | 5.6 |
| Lublin Voivodeship | 59 | 4.5 |
| Pomeranian Voivodeship | 44 | 3.4 |
| Greater Poland Voivodeship | 40 | 3.1 |
| Łódź Voivodeship | 17 | 1.3 |
| Podlaskie Voivodeship | 13 | 1.0 |
| Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship | 2 | 0.15 |
| Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship | 0 | 0.0 |
| West Pomeranian Voivodeship | 0 | 0.0 |
| Total | 1,297 | 100 |
Selected properties of building materials (based on EN 1304:2013; EN 771-1:2015; EN-538-1999)
| Density [kg/m3] | Compressive strength [MPa] | Thermal conductivity λ [W/(m2·K)] | Young’s modulus [GPa] | Water absorption rate [%] | Frost resistance | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hollow brick/ceramic brick | 1700–2000 | 2–10 | 0.08–0.44 | 10–40 | to 8 | ≥ F100 cycles |
| Frost-resistant concrete | 2300–2500 | 35–50 | 0.2–1.75 | 25–37 | to 5 | ≥ F50 cycles |
| Ceramic roof tile | 2000–2011 | no data available* | 0.17 | 50–70 | below 0,5 | grade I |
Clay raw materials for building ceramics (in thousand m3) (own work based on National Geological Institute, 2025)
| Name of the deposit | Proven reserves | Resources [thousand m3] | |
|---|---|---|---|
| geological | industrial | ||
| Lower Silesian Voivodeship | 59 | 783,569 | 15,789 |
| Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship | 18 | 25,299 | 1,246 |
| Lublin Voivodeship | 117 | 92,628 | 6,908 |
| Lubusz Voivodeship | 36 | 37,643 | 2,628 |
| Łódź Voivodeship | 96 | 41,452 | 2,774 |
| Lesser Poland Voivodeship | 60 | 107,309 | 8,829 |
| Masovian Voivodeship | 118 | 98,231 | 15,673 |
| Opole Voivodeship | 41 | 61,070 | 8,232 |
| Subcarpathian Voivodeship | 151 | 160,826 | 5,149 |
| Podlaskie Voivodeship | 21 | 24,878 | 1,001 |
| Pomeranian Voivodeship | 26 | 34,236 | 5,332 |
| Silesian Voivodeship | 127 | 98,581 | 5,217 |
| Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship | 58 | 251,017 | 39,609 |
| Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship | 40 | 55,958 | 224 |
| Greater Poland Voivodeship | 105 | 111,916 | 4,549 |
| West Pomeranian Voivodeship | 22 | 30,035 | 6,760 |
| Total proven depositions | 1,095 | 2,014,648 | 129,920 |