Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Comparison of experimental and simulated data (own research)
| Characteristic | Experimental value | Simulated value | Error [%] | Explanation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yield strength [MPa] | 300 | 285 | −5 | Simulation slightly underestimates yield strength due to simplifications in the elastic zone. |
| Ultimate tensile strength [MPa] | 500 | 520 | +4 | Maximum stress is overestimated due to inaccuracies in the peak stress-strain curve. |
| Max stress at fracture [MPa] | 400 (at failure) | 428 | +7 | Stress is overestimated due to model limitations. |
| Maximum strain [%] | 65 | 62 | −4.6 | Strain is underestimated due to inaccuracies in the plastic zone. |
| Displacement [mm] | 9.75 | 9.75 | 0 | Displacement matches the specified and experimental value exactly. |
| Modulus of elasticity [GPa] | 200 | 192 | −4 | Modulus is slightly underestimated due to simplifications in elastic behavior in the simulation. |