References
- Abebe, G.K., Charlebois, S., Music, J. (2022). Canadian consumers’ dining behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic: Implications for channel decisions in the food service industry. Sustainability, 14(9), 4893.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su14094893 - Aguilar-Lopez, A., Kuhar, A. (2022). Food-away-from-home expenditure in Mexico during the COVID-19 pandemic: A micro-econometric analysis. Agriculture, 12(2), 172.
https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12020172 - Angulo, A.M., Gil, J.M., Mur, J. (2002). Spanish demand for food away from home: A panel data approach. J. Agric. Econ., 58(2), 289–307.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9552.2007.00106.x - Barrientos-Gutiérrez, T., Alpuche-Aranda, C., Lazcano-Ponce, E., Pérez-Ferrer, C., Rivera-Dommarco, J. (2020). La salud pública en la primera ola: Una agenda para la cooperación ante COVID-19. Salud Públ. Mex., 62(5), 598–606. Retrieved from:
https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0036-36342020000500598 - Beckman, J., Countryman, A.M. (2021). The importance of agriculture in the economy: Impacts of COVID-19. Am. J. Agric. Econ., 103(5), 1595–1611.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ajae.12212 - Bezerra, I.N., Souza, A.M., Pereira, R.A., Sichieri, R. (2013). Consumption of foods away from home in Brazil. Rev. Saúd. Públ., 47(Suppl. 1), 200–211.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102013000700005 - Binkley, J.K. (2006). The effect of demographic, economic, and nutritional factors on the frequency of eating away from home. J. Consum. Aff., 40(2), 372–391.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6606.2006.00062.x - Blick, M., Abidoye, B.O., Kirsten, J.F. (2018). Investigation of food away-from-home consumption in South Africa. Dev. South. Afr., 35(1), 39–52.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.2017.1412295 - Blundell, R., Meghir, C. (1987). Bivariate alternatives to the Tobit model. J. Economet., 34(1–2), 179–200.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(87)90072-8 - BusinessTech (2024). The biggest fast-food franchises in South Africa in 2024. Retrieved from:
https://www.safranchisebrands.co.za/article/the-biggest-fast-food-franchises-in-south-africa-in-2024/ - Chenarides, L., Grebitus, C., Lusk, J.L., Printezis, I. (2020). Food consumption behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic. Agribusiness, 37(1), 44–81.
https://doi.org/10.1002/agr.21679 - Codjia, C.O., Saghaian, S.H. (2022). Determinants of food expenditure patterns: Evidence from US consumers in the context of COVID-19 price shocks. Sustain., 14(13), 8156.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su14138156 - Cragg, J.G. (1971). Some statistical models for limited dependent variables with application to the demand for durable goods. Econometrica, 39(5), 829–844.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1909582 - Davis, G.C., You, W. (2009). The time cost of food at home: General and food stamp participant profiles. Appl. Econ., 42(20), 2537–2552.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840801964468 - D’Haese, M., Vink, N., van Rooyen, J., Staelens, L., Vandamme, E. (2013). Improving food security in the rural areas of KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa: Too little, too slow. Dev. S. Afr., 30(4–5), 468–490.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.2013.836700 - Ellison, B., McFadden, B., Rickard, B.J., Wilson, N.L. (2021). Examining food purchase behavior and food values during the COVID-19 pandemic. Appl. Econ. Perspect. Policy, 43(1), 58–72.
https://doi.org/10.1002/aepp.13118 - ENSafrica (2020). South Africa: national state of disaster declared in response to Coronavirus. Retrieved from:
https://www.ensafrica.com/news/detail/2347/south-africa-declares-national-state-of-disas - Fanelli, R.M. (2021). Changes in the food-related behaviour of Italian consumers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Foods, 10(1), 169.
https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10010169 - Fernández, A.E., Agüero, J.V. (2018). Desfamiliarización del cuidado: Un puente desde el malestar individual hacia el bienestar social. Millcayac Rev. Digit. Cienc. Soc., 5, 189–206. Retrieved from:
https://www.redalyc.org/journal/5258/525866306009/html/ - Fin24 (2021). Inflation heats up fuel as meat prices rise. Retrieved from:
https://www.news24.com/amp/fin24/economy/south-africa/inflationheats-up-as-meat-prices-rise - Gallo Marin, B., Aghagoli, G., Lavine, K., Yang, L., Siff, E.J., Chiang, S.S., et al. (2021). Predictors of COVID-19 severity: A literature review. Rev. Med. Virol., 31(1), 1–10.
https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.2146 - Gao, C.L., Zhao, N., Shu, P. (2021). Breakfast consumption and academic achievement among Chinese adolescents: A moderated mediation model. Front. Psychol., 12, 700989.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.700989 - Goolsbee, A., Syverson, C. (2021). Fear, lockdown, and diversion: Comparing drivers of pandemic economic decline 2020. J. Publ. Econ., 193, 104311.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104311 - Ham, S., Hwang, J.H., Kim, W.G. (2004). Household profiles affecting food-away-from-home expenditures: a comparison of Korean and US households. International Int. J. Hosp. Manag., 23(4), 363–379.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2004.01.001 - Hassen, T.B., El Bilali, H., Allahyari, M.S. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on food behavior and consumption in Qatar. Sustain., 12(17), 6973.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su12176973 - Hawk, W. (2011). Household spending by single persons and married couples in their twenties: A comparison. Consumer Expenditure Survey Anthology, 40, 46. Retrieved from:
https://www.bls.gov/cex/research_papers/pdf/hawk-household-spending-by-single-persons-and-married-couples-in-their-twenties.pdf - Heckman, J.J. (1979). Sample selection bias as a specification error. Econometrica, 47(1), 153–161.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1912352 - Hobbs, J.E. (2020). Food supply chains during the COVID-19 pandemic. Can. J. Agric. Econ./Revue canadienne d’agroeconomie, 68(2), 171–176.
https://doi.org/10.1111/cjag.12237 - Janssen, M., Chang, B.P.I., Hristov, H., Pravst, I., Profeta, A., Millard, J. (2021). Changes in food consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic: Analysis of consumer survey data from the first lockdown period in Denmark, Germany, and Slovenia. Front. Nutr., 8, 635859.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.635859 - Ko, Y.H., Son, J.H., Kim, G.J. (2023). An exploratory study of changes in consumer dining-out behavior before and during COVID-19. J. Foodservice Bus. Res., 26(5), 700–718.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15378020.2022.2036569 - Labadarios, D., Steyn, N.P., Nel, J. (2011). How diverse are the diets of adult South African people? Nutr. J., 10(1), 33.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-10-33 - Landais, E., Miotto-Plessis, M., Bene, C., Maitre d’Hotel, E., Truong, M.T., Somé, J.W., Verger, E.O. (2023). Consumption of food away from home in low-and middle-income countries: A systematic scoping review. Nutr. Rev., 81(6), 727–754.
https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuac085 - Langellier, B.A. (2015). Consumption and expenditure on food prepared away from home among Mexican adults in 2006. Salud Pública de Méx., 57(1), 4–13. Retrieved from:
https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0036-36342015000100003 - Lefophane, M.H. (2020). COVID-19 and South Africa’s Food Industry: Challenges, Trends, and the Way Forward. Mzansi Agriculture Talk. Retrieved from:
https://www.mzansiagritalk.com/archives/4240 - Liu, H., Wahl, T.I., Seale, J.L. Jr., Bai, J. (2015). Household composition, income, and food-away-from-home expenditure in urban China. Food Pol., 51, 97–103.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2014.12.011 - Lozada-Urbano, M., Huamán, F., Xirinachs, Y., Rivera-Lozada, O., Alvarez-Risco, A., Yáñez, J.A. (2022). Poverty, household structure and consumption of foods away from home in Peru in 2019: A cross-sectional study. Foods, 11(17), 2547.
https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11172547 - Lusk, J.L., McFadden, B.R. (2021). Consumer food buying during a recession. Choices, 36(3), 1–9.
- Marchesi, K., McLaughlin, P. W. (2022). COVID-19 Working Paper: Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on food-away-from-home spending. Retrieved from:
https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/327337/?v=pdf - McKenzie, B. (2023). South Africa: Bridging the pay gap through transparency. Retrieved from:
https://insightplus.bakermckenzie.com/bm/employment-compensation/south-africa-bridging-the-pay-gap-through-transparency#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20latest%20World,about%2030%25%20across%20the%20board - Mkasi, F.N., Lefophane, M.H. (2023). Households’ food consumption behaviour during COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from rural households in South Africa. Appl. Stud. Agribus. Commer., 17(2).
https://doi.org/10.19041/APSTRACT/2023/2/4 - Nayga, Jr, R.M., Capps, Jr, O. (1992). Analysis of food away from home and food at home consumption: A systems approach. J. Food Distrib. Res., 23(3), 1–10. 10.22004/ag.econ.26649
- Pappalardo, G., Selvaggi, R., Pittalà, M., Bellia, C. (2022). Purchasing behavior in rural areas for food products during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front. Sustain. Food Syst., 6, 1042289.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2022.1042289 - Pawson, N. (2023). South Africans continue to spend more on restaurants – Stats SA. Retrieved from:
https://www.sapeople.com/business-and-finance/south-africans-continue-to-spend-more-on-restaurants-stats-sa - Reuters (2020). Reopening South Africa’s economy may be especially painful. Retrieved from:
https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2020/5/1/reopening-south-africas-economy-may-be-especially-painful - Richards, T. J., Rickard, B. (2020). COVID-19 impact on fruit and vegetable markets. Can. J. Agric. Econ./Rev. Canad. d’Agroecon., 68(2), 189–194. 10.1111/cjag.12231
- Saksena, M.J., Okrent, A.M., Anekwe, T.D., ..., Hyman, J. (2018). America’s eating habits: Food away from home (No. 281119). Retrieved from:
https://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/pub-details/?pubid=90227 - SASSA (South African Social Security Agency) (2025). Social Relief of distress. Retrieved from:
https://www.sassa.gov.za/SitePages/Social-Relief-of-Distress-Grant.aspx#:~:text=Social%20relief%20of%20distress%20is,their%20families’%20most%20basic%20needs - Sheth, J. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on consumer behavior: Will old habits return or die? J. Bus. Res., 117, 280–283.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.05.059 - Singh, A., Tembo, S. (2022). Constitutionalism and public health emergencies: COVID-19 regulations in South Africa and the slippery constitutional and human rights slope. Potchefstroom Electron. Law J., 25(1), 1–31.
https://doi.org/10.17159/obiter.v43i1.13508 - South African Government. (2020). About alert system. Retrieved from:
https://www.gov.za/covid-19/about/about-alert-system - Stats SA (Statistics South Africa) (2021). Consumer price inflation hits a 14-month high. Retrieved from:
https://www.statssa.gov.za/?p=14336 - Stewart, H., Blisard, N., Bhuyan, S., Nayga Jr, R.M. (2004). The demand for food away from home: full service or fast food? (No. 1473-2016-120777). doi: 10.22004/ag.econ.33953
- Thamaga-Chitja, J.M., Morojele, P. (2014). The context of smallholder farming in South Africa: Towards a livelihood asset-building framework. J. Hum. Ecol., 45(2), 147–155. 10.31901/24566608.2014/45.02.06
- Truong, D., Truong, M.D. (2022). How do customers change their purchasing behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic? J. Retail. Consum. Serv., 67, 102963.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2022.102963 - U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 2025. Food expenditure series–documentation. Retrieved from:
https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/food-expenditure-series/documentation - Venn, D., Dixon, J., Banwell, C., Strazdins, L. (2018). Social determinants of household food expenditure in Australia: The role of education, income, geography, and time. Publ. Health Nutr., 21(5), 902–911. 10.1017/S1368980017003342
- Waidler, J., Devereux, S. (2019). Social grants, remittances, and food security: Does the source of income matter? Food Sec., 11, 679–702.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-019-00918-x - WHO (World Health Organization). (2020). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19–March 25, 2020. Retrieved from:
https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---25-march-2020 - Yamane, T. (1967). Statistics: An Introductory Analysis (2nd ed.). New York: Harper & Row.
- Zeballos, E., Dong, X. (2022). Effect of COVID-19 on food sales. Appl. Econ. Perspect. Polic., 44(4), 2131–2144.
https://doi.org/10.1002/aepp.13201