Inefficiency parameters of catfish farmers by production systems in Delta State
| Variables | Earthen pond | Concrete pond | Plastic/T. pond | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| coefficient (standard error) | ||||
| Inefficiency model | ||||
| Constant | 5.010 (6.415) | −3.964*** (0.832) | 8.599 (43.027) | −5.852*** (0.760) |
| Age | 0.587** (0.255) | 0.009** (0.021) | 1.835** (1.730) | 0.034** (0.016) |
| Household size | −0.130** (0.457) | −0.055** (0.083) | −1.201** (1.609) | −0.123** (0.059) |
| Educational levels | −0.134*** (0.209) | −0.117*** (0.025) | −0.097*** (0.807) | −0.005*** (0.023) |
| Production experience | −0.780*** (0.394) | −0.058*** (0.049) | −4.130*** (4.067) | −0.096*** (0.023) |
| Number of ponds | −0.227*** (0.146) | −0.121** (0.018) | −0.017* (0.071) | −0.362*** (0.142) |
| Mortality of catfish | 0.007*** (0.002) | 0.159*** (0.312) | 0.005*** (0.002) | 0.049*** (0.005) |
Maximum Likelihood Estimates (MLE) cost function for catfish production in Delta State
| Variables | Earthen pond | Concrete pond | Plastic/T. pond | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| coefficient (standard error) | ||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| Constant | 0.613 (0.365) | 0.909 (0.241) | 1.387*** (0.273) | 0.472*** (0.070) |
| Output | −0.032*** (0.043) | −0.044*** (0.003) | −0.062*** (0.035) | −0.003*** (0.009) |
| Stocking unit cost | 0.046*** (0.004) | 0.034*** (0.003) | 0.039*** (0.003) | 0.037*** (0.002) |
| Fertilizer cost used | 0.073*** (0.023) | 0.077** (0.034) | 0.029** (0.020) | 0.073*** (0.005) |
| Lime cost used | 0.035 (0.027) | 0.031 (0.011) | 0.007 (0.029) | 0.002 (0.007) |
| Feeding cost used | 0.848*** (0.024) | 0.844*** (0.005) | 0.859*** (0.006) | 0.883*** (0.004) |
| Medication cost used | 0.008* (0.006) | 0.006* (0.001) | 0.004* (0.004) | 0.002* (0.001) |
| Transportation cost | 0.006* (0.004) | 0.002* (0.001) | 0.002* (0.003) | 0.002* (0.001) |
| Energy cost used | 0.001* (0.006) | 0.012** (0.0001) | 0.001** (0.006) | 0.003** (0.002) |
| Labour cost used | 0.004*** (0.002) | 0.006*** (0.001) | 0.003*** (0.004) | 0.001*** (0.001) |
| Rent on pond used | 0.048*** (0.004) | 0.094** (0.008) | 0.059** (0.006) | 0.083*** (0.014) |
| Sigma squared (σ2) | 0.316 | 0.328 | 0.315 | 0.312 |
| Gamma (γ) | 0.964 | 0.903 | 0.980 | 0.963 |
| Log likelihood | 230.574 | 324.588 | 71.181 | 916.596 |
| Wald Chi2(6) | 12 320.09 | 17 417.62 | 42 172.30 | 400 096.72 |
| Prob>chi2 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Socio-economic characteristics of catfish farmers in Delta State
| Variables | Delta South | Delta Central | Delta North | Total | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| freq. (120) | % (100) | freq. (120) | % (100) | freq. (120) | % (100) | freq. (360) | % (100) | |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | 90 | 75.00 | 82 | 68.33 | 60 | 50.00 | 232 | 64.44 |
| Female | 30 | 25.00 | 38 | 31.67 | 60 | 50.00 | 128 | 35.56 |
| Age (years) | ||||||||
| 24–35 | 29 | 24.17 | 28 | 23.33 | 46 | 38.33 | 103 | 28.89 |
| 36–47 | 61 | 50.83 | 73 | 60.83 | 41 | 34.17 | 175 | 48.61 |
| 48–59 | 25 | 20.83 | 16 | 13.33 | 23 | 19.17 | 64 | 17.50 |
| 60–71 | 5 | 4.17 | 3 | 2.51 | 10 | 8.33 | 18 | 5 |
| Mean | 40.01 | 39.08 | 39.14 | 39.11 | ||||
| Std. dev. | 7.47 | 7.50 | 7.84 | 7.86 | ||||
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Single | 17 | 14.17 | 22 | 18.33 | 19 | 15.83 | 58 | 16.11 |
| Married | 98 | 81.67 | 90 | 75.00 | 72 | 60.00 | 260 | 72.22 |
| Separated | 2 | 1.67 | 8 | 6.67 | 10 | 8.33 | 20 | 5.56 |
| Widow | – | – | – | – | 5 | 4.17 | 5 | 1.39 |
| Divorce | 3 | 3.49 | – | – | 14 | 11.67 | 17 | 4.72 |
| Household size | ||||||||
| 1–4 | 64 | 53.33 | 21 | 17.50 | 41 | 49.17 | 114 | 31.67 |
| 5–8 | 52 | 43.33 | 90 | 75.00 | 59 | 34.16 | 213 | 59.17 |
| 9–12 | 4 | 3.34 | 9 | 7.50 | 20 | 16.67 | 33 | 9.16 |
| Mean | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | ||||
| Level of education | ||||||||
| Non-formal | 23 | 19.17 | 22 | 18.33 | 39 | 32.50 | 84 | 23.33 |
| Primary | 4 | 3.33 | 12 | 10.00 | 10 | 8.33 | 14 | 3.89 |
| Secondary | 12 | 10.00 | 18 | 15.00 | 15 | 12.50 | 25 | 6.94 |
| Tertiary | 81 | 67.50 | 68 | 56.67 | 56 | 46.67 | 237 | 65.84 |
| Nature of catfish production | ||||||||
| Part-time | 45 | 37.50 | 40 | 33.33 | 32 | 26.67 | 117 | 32.50 |
| Full-time | 75 | 62.50 | 80 | 66.67 | 88 | 73.33 | 243 | 67.50 |
| Production experience | ||||||||
| 1–7 | 72 | 60.00 | 74 | 61.67 | 19 | 15.83 | 165 | 45.83 |
| 8–14 | 43 | 35.83 | 37 | 30.83 | 81 | 67.50 | 161 | 44.72 |
| 15–21 | 5 | 4.17 | 9 | 7.50 | 20 | 16.67 | 34 | 9.45 |
| Mean | 7 | 6 | 8 | 7 | ||||
| Std. dev. | 3.35 | 2.54 | 3.21 | 3.33 | ||||
| Source of finance | ||||||||
| Personal savings | 70 | 58.33 | 84 | 70.00 | 66 | 55.00 | 220 | 61.11 |
| Credit/loan | 28 | 23.33 | 31 | 25.83 | 42 | 35.00 | 101 | 28.06 |
| Government agency | 22 | 18.34 | 5 | 4.17 | 12 | 10.00 | 39 | 10.83 |
| Farm land acquisition | ||||||||
| Communal | 24 | 20.00 | 7 | 5.83 | 17 | 14.17 | 48 | 13.33 |
| Family | 58 | 48.33 | 31 | 25.83 | 54 | 45.00 | 143 | 39.72 |
| Lease/Rent | 2 | 1.67 | 11 | 9.17 | 1 | 0.83 | 14 | 3.89 |
| Purchase | 36 | 30.00 | 71 | 59.17 | 48 | 40.00 | 155 | 43.06 |
| Pond type | ||||||||
| Earthen | 34 | 28.33 | 34 | 28.33 | 31 | 25.83 | 99 | 27.50 |
| Concrete | 41 | 34.17 | 38 | 31.67 | 42 | 35.00 | 121 | 33.61 |
| Plastic/Tarpaulin | 45 | 37.50 | 48 | 40.00 | 47 | 39.17 | 140 | 38.89 |
| Stocking stage | ||||||||
| Fingerlings | 8 | 6.67 | – | – | 67 | 55.83 | 75 | 20.83 |
| Juvenile | 84 | 70.00 | 120 | 100.00 | 50 | 41.67 | 254 | 70.56 |
| Post Juvenile | 28 | 23.33 | – | – | 3 | 2.50 | 31 | 8.61 |
| Feed type | ||||||||
| Imported | 4 | 3.33 | – | – | 3 | 2.50 | 7 | 1.94 |
| Local | 95 | 79.17 | 106 | 88.33 | 97 | 80.83 | 298 | 82.78 |
| Midst | 21 | 17.50 | 14 | 11.67 | 20 | 16.67 | 55 | 15.28 |
| Labour type | ||||||||
| Family | 29 | 24.17 | 21 | 17.50 | 12 | 10.00 | 62 | 17.22 |
| Hired | 21 | 17.50 | 21 | 17.50 | 38 | 31.67 | 80 | 22.22 |
| Both | 70 | 58.33 | 78 | 65.00 | 70 | 58.33 | 218 | 60.56 |
| Water source | ||||||||
| River | 33 | 27.50 | 22 | 18.33 | 35 | 29.17 | 90 | 25.00 |
| Borehole | 87 | 72.50 | 98 | 81.67 | 85 | 70.83 | 270 | 75.00 |
Cost efficiency distribution for catfish farmers by production systems
| Class | Earthen pond | Concrete pond | Plastic/T. pond | Total | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| freq. | % | freq. | % | freq. | % | freq. | % | |
| 0.49–0.62 | 5 | 4.95 | 7 | 5.56 | 20 | 14.52 | 32 | 8.89 |
| 0.63–0.76 | 94 | 95.05 | 114 | 94.44 | 120 | 85.48 | 328 | 91.11 |
| Total | 99 | 100 | 121 | 100 | 140 | 100 | 360 | 100 |
| Cost eff mean | 0.72 | 0.70 | 0.66 | 0.70 | ||||
Input-output quantity distributions per cycle of farmers in Delta State
| Variables | Delta State (Mean) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Delta South (120) | Delta Central (120) | Delta North (120) | Total (360) | |
| Inputs | ||||
| Feed quantity /kg of catfish | 0.72 | 0.69 | 0.73 | 0.72 |
| Labour used/kg of catfish | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Fertilizer quantity/kg of catfish | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.20 |
| Outputs | ||||
| Average number of catfish/farmer | 4 464.89 | 4 844.23 | 4 485.72 | 4 594.99 |
| Average weight/catfish (kg) | 1.47 | 1.57 | 1.45 | 1.50 |
| Pond size(M2)/farmer | 627.50 | 655.83 | 605.28 | 629.63 |
| Output (kg) | 6 563.39 | 7 605.44 | 6 504.30 | 6 892.48 |
| Price/kg of mature catfish | 740.83 | 730.28 | 696.91 | 722.77 |