Tropical and Boreal Forest – Atmosphere Interactions: A Review
By: Paulo Artaxo, Hans-Christen Hansson, Meinrat O. Andreae, Jaana Bäck, Eliane Gomes Alves, Henrique M. J. Barbosa, Frida Bender, Efstratios Bourtsoukidis, Samara Carbone, Jinshu Chi, Stefano Decesari, Viviane R. Després, Florian Ditas, Ekaterina Ezhova, Sandro Fuzzi, Niles J. Hasselquist, Jost Heintzenberg, Bruna A. Holanda, Alex Guenther, Hannele Hakola, Liine Heikkinen, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Jenni Kontkanen, Radovan Krejci, Markku Kulmala, Jost V. Lavric, Gerrit de Leeuw, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Luiz Augusto T. Machado, Gordon McFiggans, Marco Aurelio M. Franco, Bruno Backes Meller, Fernando G. Morais, Claudia Mohr, William Morgan, Mats B. Nilsson, Matthias Peichl, Tuukka Petäjä, Maria Praß, Christopher Pöhlker, Mira L. Pöhlker, Ulrich Pöschl, Celso Von Randow, Ilona Riipinen, Janne Rinne, Luciana V. Rizzo, Daniel Rosenfeld, Maria A. F. Silva Dias, Larisa Sogacheva, Philip Stier, Erik Swietlicki, Matthias Sörgel, Peter Tunved, Aki Virkkula, Jian Wang, Bettina Weber, Ana Maria Yáñez-Serrano, Paul Zieger, Eugene Mikhailov, James N. Smith and Jürgen Kesselmeier
References
- Aalto, J., Kolari, P., Hari, P., Kerminen, V.-M., Schiestl-Aalto, P., and co-authors. 2014. New foliage growth is a significant, unaccounted source for volatiles in boreal evergreen forests, Biogeosciences, 11, 1331–1344. DOI: 10.5194/bg-11-1331-2014
- Aalto J., Porcar-Castell, A., Atherton, J., Kolari, P., Pohja, T. And co-authors. 2015. Onset of photosynthesis in spring speeds up monoterpene synthesis and leads to emission bursts. Plant Cell Environ, 38, 2299–2312. DOI: 10.1111/pce.12550
- Aaltonen, H., J. Aalto, P. Kolari, M. Pihlatie, J. Pumpanen, and co-authors, 2013. Continuous VOC flux measurements on boreal forest floor, Plant Soil, 369, 241–256. DOI: 10.1007/s11104-012-1553-4
- Aaltonen, V., E. Rodriguez, S. Kazadzis, A. Arola, V. Amiridis, and co-authors, 2012. On the variation of aerosol properties over Finland based on the optical columnar measurements. Atm. Res., 116, 46–55. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.07.014
- Abatzoglou, John T. and A. Park Williams. Impact of anthropogenic climate change on wildfire across western US forests, 2016, PNAS 113 (42) 11770–11775. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1607171113
- Abel, S., Highwood, E. J., Haywood, J. M., & Stringer, M. A. (2005). The direct radiative effect of biomass burning over southern Africa. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1999–2018. DOI: 10.5194/acp-5-1999-2005
- Achard, F., and Coauthors, Determination of tropical deforestation rates and related carbon losses from 1990 to 2010, 2014, Glob. Chang. Biol., 20, 2540–2554. DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12605
- Ackerman, A. S., O. B. Toon, D. E. Stevens, A. J. Heymsfield, V. Ramanathan, and E. J. Welton. 2000. Reduction of tropical cloudiness by soot, Science, 288, 1042–1047. DOI: 10.1126/science.288.5468.1042
- Acosta Navarro, J. C., Ekman, A. M. L., Pausata, F. S. R., Lewinshcal, A., Varma, V., and coauthors. 2017. Future Response of Temperature and Precipitation to Reduced Aerosol Emissions as Compared with Increased Greenhouse Gas Concentrations. J. Climate, 30, 939–954. DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0466.1
- Acosta Navarro, J. C., Smolander, S., Struthers, H., Zorita, E., L. Ekman, and co-authors, 2014. Global emissions of terpenoid VOCs from terrestrial vegetation in the last millennium, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 119, 6867–6885. DOI: 10.1002/2013JD021238
- Adachi, Kouji, Naga Oshima, Zhaoheng Gong, Suzane de Sá, Adam P Bateman, and co-authors, 2020. Mixing states of Amazon-basin aerosol particles transported over long distances using transmission electron microscopy. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 11923–11939. DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-11923-2020
- Adesina, A. J., Kumar, K. R., & Sivakumar, V. 2015. Variability in aerosol optical properties and radiative forcing over Gorongosa (18.97°S, 34.35°E) in Mozambique. Meteorol. Atmospheric Phys., 127, 217–228. DOI: 10.1007/s00703-014-0352-2
- Aguiar, A.P.D. et al., 2016. Land use change emission scenarios: anticipating a forest transition process in the Brazilian Amazon. Glob Chang Biol, 22, 1821–1840. DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13134
- Ahlm, L., Nilsson, E. D., Krejci, R., Mårtensson, E. M., Vogt, M., and Artaxo, P. 2009. Aerosol number fluxes over the Amazon rain forest during the wet season, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 9381–9400. DOI: 10.5194/acp-9-9381-2009
- Ahlm, L., Nilsson, E. D., Krejci, R., Mårtensson, E. M., Vogt, M., and Artaxo, P. 2010. A comparison of dry and wet season aerosol number fluxes over the Amazon rain forest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 3063–3079. DOI: 10.5194/acp-10-3063-2010
- Äijälä M., Daellenbach K., Canonaco F. et al. 2019. Constructing a data-driven receptor model for organic and inorganic aerosol – A synthesis analysis of eight mass spectrometric data sets from a boreal forest site. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 3645–3672. DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-3645-2019
- Äijälä, M., Heikkinen, L., Fröhlich, R., Canonaco, F., Prévôt, A. S. H., and co-authors, 2017. Resolving anthropogenic aerosol pollution types – deconvolution and exploratory classification of pollution events, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 3165–3197. DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-3165-2017
- Ainsworth, E.A., Craig R. Yendrek, Stephen Sitch, William J. Collins, Lisa D. Emberson, 2012, The Effects of Tropospheric Ozone on Net Primary Productivity and Implications for Climate Change, Annu. Rev. Plant Biol., 63, 637–661. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110-103829
- Akagi, S. K., R. J. Yokelson, C. Wiedinmyer, M. J. Alvarado, J. S. Reid, and co-authors, 2011: Emission factors for open and domestic biomass burning for use in atmospheric models. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 4039–4072. DOI: 10.5194/acp-11-4039-2011
- Albrecht, B. A. 1989, Aerosols, Cloud Microphysics, and Fractional Cloudiness, Science, 245, 1227–1230. DOI: 10.1126/science.245.4923.1227
- Albrecht, R. I., Morales, C. A., Silva Dias, M. A. F., 2011. Electrification of precipitating systems over the Amazon: Physical processes of thunderstorm development. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 116, D08209. DOI: 10.1029/2010JD014756
- Alcantara, C. R., Silva Dias, M. A.F., Souza, E. P.; and Cohen, J. 2011. Verification of the role of the low-level jets in Amazon squall lines. Atmos. Res., 100, 36–44. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2010.12.023
- Alden C.B., Miller J.B., Gatti L. V., et al. 2016. Regional atmospheric CO2 inversion reveals seasonal and geographic differences in Amazon net biome exchange. Glob Chang Biol 22, 3427–43. DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13305
- Aleixo, Izabela, Darren Norris, Lia Hemerik, Antenor Barbosa, Eduardo Prata, and co-authors, 2019. Nat. Clim. Change. DOI: 10.1038/s41558-019-0458-0
- Aliaga, D., Sinclair, V. A., Andrade, M., Artaxo, P., Carbone, S, and co-authors, 2021. Identifying source regions of air masses sampled at the tropical high-altitude site of Chacaltaya using WRF-FLEXPART and cluster analysis, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. in review, 2021. DOI: 10.5194/acp-2021-126
- Allan, J. D., Alfarra, M. R., Bower, K. N., Coe, H., Jayne, J. T, and co-authors, 2006. Size and composition measurements of background aerosol and new particle growth in a Finnish forest during QUEST 2 using an Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 315–327. DOI: 10.5194/acp-6-315-2006
- Allan, J.D., W. T. Morgan, E. Darbyshire, M. J. Flynn, P. I. Williams, and co-authors, 2014. Airborne Observations of IEPOX-Derived Isoprene SOA in the Amazon during SAMBBA. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 11393–11407. DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-11393-2014
- Allen, M. R., and W. J. Ingram. 2002. Constraints on future changes in climate and the hydrologic cycle, Nature, 419 (6903), 224–232. DOI: 10.1038/nature01092
- Allen, R. J., Evan, A. T., & Booth, B. B. B. 2015. Interhemispheric Aerosol Radiative Forcing and Tropical Precipitation Shifts during the Late Twentieth Century, J. Clim., 28 (20), 8219–8246. DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0148.1
- Alton, P.B., 2008, Reduced carbon sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems under overcast skies compared to clear skies, Agric. For. Meteorol., 148, 10, 2008, 1641–1653. DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2008.05.014
- Alves et al., 2012. Organic compounds in aerosols from selected European sites: Biogenic versus anthropogenic sources, Atmos. Environ. 59, 243–255. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.06.013
- Alves, E. G., Jardine, K., Tota, J., Jardine, A., Yãnez-Serrano, and co-authors, 2016. Seasonality of isoprenoid emissions from a primary rainforest in central Amazonia, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 3903–3925. DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-3903-2016
- Alves, E. G., Tóta, J., Turnipseed, A., Guenther, A. B., Vega Bustillos, and co-authors, 2018. Leaf phenology as one important driver of seasonal changes in isoprene emissions in central Amazonia, Biogeosciences, 15, 4019–4032. DOI: 10.5194/bg-15-4019-2018
- Amaral e Silva, A., Braga, Matheus Quintão, Ferreira, J., Juste dos Santos, and co-authors, 2020. Anthropic activities, and the Legal Amazon: Estimative of impacts on forest and regional climate for 2030, Remote Sens. Appl. Soc. Environ., 18, 100304. DOI: 10.1016/j.rsase.2020.100304
- Amaral, J. H. F., Melack, J. M., Barbosa, P. M., MacIntyre, S., Kasper, D, and co-authors, 2020. Carbon dioxide fluxes to the atmosphere from waters within flooded forests in the Amazon basin. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 125,
e2019JG005293 . DOI: 10.1029/2019JG005293 - Amiro, B.D., 2001. Paired-tower measurements of carbon and energy fluxes following disturbance in the boreal forest. Global Change Biol., 7(3): 253–268. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2001.00398.x
- Andela, N., and coauthors, 2017: A human-driven decline in global burned area. Science, 356, 1356–1362. DOI: 10.1126/science.aal4108
- Andreae, M. O., 1991.
Biomass burning: Its history, use and distribution and its impact on environmental quality and global climate , in Global Biomass Burning: Atmospheric, Climatic and Biospheric Implications, edited by J. S. Levine, pp. 3–21, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. - Andreae, M. O. 2001a.
The Biosphere: Pilot or passenger on spaceship Earth? In: Heinen D, In: Hoch S., In: Krafft T. In: Moss C, In: Welschhoff A, eds. Contributions to Global Change Research. German National Committee on Global Change Research, Bonn, 59–66. - Andreae, M. O., Acevedo, O. C., Araújo, A., Artaxo, P. and co-authors, 2015. The Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO): overview of pilot measurements on ecosystem ecology, meteorology, trace gases, and aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15(18), 10723–10776. DOI: 10.5194/acp-15-10723-2015
- Andreae, M. O., Afchine, A., Albrecht, R., Holanda, B. A., Artaxo, P., and co-authors, 2018. Aerosol characteristics and particle production in the upper troposphere over the Amazon Basin. Atmos Chem Phys, 18, 921–961, 2018. DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-921-2018
- Andreae, M. O., and Andreae, T. W. 1988. The cycle of biogenic sulfur-compounds over the Amazon basin 1. Dry season, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 1487–1497. DOI: 10.1029/JD093iD02p01487
- Andreae, M. O., Andreae, T. W., and Ditas, F., 2019. How frequent is new particle formation in the boundary layer over the remote temperate-boreal forest? American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting 2019. San Francisco. DOI: 10.1002/essoar.10501148.1
- Andreae, M. O., Artaxo, P., Beck, V., Bela, M., Freitas, S., and co-authors, 2012. Carbon monoxide and related trace gases and aerosols over the Amazon Basin during the wet and dry seasons, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 6041–6065. DOI: 10.5194/acp-12-6041-2012
- Andreae, M. O., Artaxo, P., Brandão, C., Carswell, F. E., Ciccioli, P., and co-authors, 2002. Biogeochemical cycling of carbon, water, energy, trace gases and aerosols in Amazonia: The LBA-EUSTACH experiments: J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8066. DOI: 10.1029/2001JD000524
- Andreae, M. O., Artaxo, P; Fischer, H.; Freitas, S. R., Lelieveld, J.; Dias, and co-authors, 2001; Transport of biomass burning smoke to the upper troposphere by deep convection in the equatorial region. J. Geophys. Res., 28, 951–954. DOI: 10.1029/2000GL012391
- Andreae, M.O., Berresheim, H., Bingemer, H., Jacob, D. J., Lewis, and co-authors, 1990. THE ATMOSPHERIC SULFUR CYCLE OVER THE AMAZON BASIN.2. WET SEASON, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 16813–16824. DOI: 10.1029/JD095iD10p16813
- Andreae, M. O., Chapuis, A., Cros, B., Fontan, J., Helas, G., and co-authors, 1992. Ozone and Aitken nuclei over equatorial Africa: Airborne observations during DECAFE 88. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 6137–6148. DOI: 10.1029/91JD00961
- Andreae, M.O. and Gelencsér, A. 2006. Black carbon or brown carbon? The nature of light-absorbing carbonaceous aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3131–3148. DOI: 10.5194/acp-6-3131-2006
- Andreae, M.O., D. Rosenfeld, P. Artaxo, A. A. Costa, G. P. Frank, and co-authors, 2004. Smoking rain clouds over the Amazon. Science, 303, 1337–1342. DOI: 10.1126/science.1092779
- Anselmo, E. M., C. Schumacher and L.A. T. Machado. 2019. The Amazonian Low-level Jet and its Connection to Convective Cloud Organization. Mon. Wea. Rev., 148, 1–42. DOI: 10.1175/MWR-D-19-0414.1
- Ansmann, A., and coauthors, 2018. Extreme levels of Canadian wildfire smoke in the stratosphere over central Europe on 21–22 August 2017. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 11831–11845. DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-11831-2018
- Ansmann, A., H. Baars, M. Tesche, D. Müller, D. Althausen and co-authors, 2009. Dust and smoke transport from Africa to South America: Lidar profiling over Cape Verde and the Amazon rainforest, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L11802. DOI: 10.1029/2009GL037923
- Anttila, P., & Tuovinen, J. P. 2010. Trends of primary and secondary pollutant concentrations in Finland in 1994–2007. Atmos Environ, 44(1), 30–41. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.09.041
- Aragão, L. E. O. C., Anderson, L. O., Fonseca, M. G., Rosan, T. M., Vedovato, L. B., and co-authors, 2018. 21st Century drought-related fires counteract the decline of Amazon deforestation carbon emissions., Nat. Commun., 9(1), 536. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02771-y
- Aragão, L.E.O.C., Poulter, B., Barlow, J.B., Anderson, L.O., Malhi, Y., and co-authors, 2014. Environmental change and the carbon balance of Amazonian forests. Biol. Rev. 89, 913–931. DOI: 10.1111/brv.12088
- Aragão, L. E. O. C., Yadvinder, M., Nicolas B., Andre Lima, Yosio Shimabukuro and co-authors, 2008. Interactions between rainfall, deforestation, and fires during recent years in the Brazilian Amazonia. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci., 363(1498), 1779–1785. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2007.0026
- Arana, A., Loureiro, A. L., Barbosa, H. M. J., Van Grieken, R. and Artaxo, P. 2014. Optimized energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis of atmospheric aerosols collected at pristine and perturbed Amazon Basin sites, X-Ray Spectrom., 43(4), 228–237. DOI: 10.1002/xrs.2544
- Araújo, A.C., Nobre, A.D., Kruijt, B., Elbers, J.A., Dallarosa, R.G., and co-authors, 2002. Comparative measurements of carbon dioxide fluxes from two nearby towers in a central Amazonian rainforest: The Manaus LBA site. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 107, 1–20. DOI: 10.1029/2001JD000676
- Archibald, S., C. E. R. Lehmann, J. L. Gómez-Dans, and R. A. Bradstock, 2013: Defining pyromes and lobal syndromes of fire regimes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 110, 6442–6447. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1211466110
- Arneth, A.; Niinemets, U.; Pressley, S.; Back, J.; Hari, P, and co-authors, 2007. Process-based estimates of terrestrial ecosystem isoprene emissions: incorporating the effects of a direct CO2-isoprene interaction. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 31–53. DOI: 10.5194/acp-7-31-2007
- Arnott, W. P., Hamasha, K., Moosmüller, H., Sheridan, P. J., and Ogren, J. A. 2005. Towards aerosol light-absorption measurements with a 7-wavelength aethalometer: Evaluation with a photoacoustic instrument and 3-wavelength nephelometer, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 39, 17–29. DOI: 10.1080/027868290901972
- Artaxo, P., 2012. Break down boundaries in climate research. World View Section, Nature 481, 239. DOI: 10.1038/481239a
- Artaxo, P. and Hansson, H.-C. 1995. Size Distribution of Biogenic Aerosol Particles, Atmos. Environ., 29(3), 393–402. DOI: 10.1016/1352-2310(94)00178-N
- Artaxo, P.; Maenhaut, W.; Storms, H.; Van Grieken, R.; 1990. Aerosol characteristics and sources for the Amazon basin during the wet season, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos, 95, D10, 16971–16985. DOI: 10.1029/JD095iD10p16971
- Artaxo, P., J. V. Martins, M. A. Yamasoe, A. S. Procópio, T. M. Pauliquevis, and co-authors, 2002. Physical and chemical properties of aerosols in the wet and dry season in Rondônia, Amazonia. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos, 107, D20, 8081–8095. DOI: 10.1029/2001JD000666
- Artaxo, P., Rizzo, L. V., Brito, J. F., Barbosa, H. M. J., Arana, A., and co-authors, 2013. Atmospheric aerosols in Amazonia and land use change: from natural biogenic to biomass burning conditions, Faraday Discuss., 165, 203. DOI: 10.1039/c3fd00052d
- Artaxo, P., Rizzo, L. V., Paixão, M., de Lucca, S., Oliveira, and co-authors, 2009.
Aerosol particles in Amazonia: Their composition, role in the radiation balance, cloud formation and nutrient cycles, in Amazonia and Global Change , edited by M. Keller, M. Bustamante, J. Gash, & P. Dias, pp. 233–250, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC. DOI: 10.1029/2008GM000778 - Artaxo, P.; Storms, H.; Bruynseels, F.; Van Grieken, R.; Maenhaut, W. 1988. Composition and sources of aerosols from the Amazon Basin. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos, 93, 1605–1615. DOI: 10.1029/JD093iD02p01605
- Ashmore, M. R., 2005. Assessing the future global impacts of ozone on vegetation: Plant Cell Environ., 28, 949–964. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005.01341.x
- Asmi, E., Kivekäs, N., Kerminen, V.-M., Komppula, M., Hyvärinen, A.-P., and co-authors, 2011. Secondary new particle formation in Northern Finland Pallas site between the years 2000 and 2010, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 12959–12972. DOI: 10.5194/acp-11-12959-2011
- Assis T. O., Aguiar APD de, Randow C. von, and co-authors, 2020. CO2 emissions from forest degradation in Brazilian Amazon. Environ Res Lett 15: 104035. DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ab9cfc
- Aubin, I., L. Boisvert-Marsh, H. Kebli, D. McKenney, J. Pedlar, and co-authors, 2018. Tree vulnerability to climate change: improving exposure-based assessments using traits as indicators of sensitivity. Ecosphere 9(2):
e02108 . DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2108 - Avissar, Roni and David Werth. 2005. Global Hydroclimatological Teleconnections Resulting from Tropical Deforestation. J. Hydrometeor., 6, 134–145. DOI: 10.1175/JHM406.1
- Baars, H., Ansmann, A., Althausen, D., Engelmann, R., Artaxo, P., and co-authors, 2011. Further evidence for significant smoke transport from Africa to Amazonia. Geophys. Res. Lett. 38, 1–6. DOI: 10.1029/2011GL049200
- Baars, H., Ansmann, A., Althausen, D., Engelmann, R., Heese, B., and co-authors, 2012. Aerosol profiling with lidar in the Amazon Basin during the wet and dry season. J. Geophys. Res. 117, 1–16. DOI: 10.1029/2012JD018338
- Baccini, A., Walker, W., Carvalho, L., Farina, M., Sulla-Menashe, D., and co-authors, 2017. Tropical forests are a net carbon source based on aboveground measurements of gain and loss. Science 358, 230–34. DOI: 10.1126/science.aam5962
- Bäck, J., Aalto, J., Henriksson, M., Hakola, H., He, Q., et al. 2012. Chemodiversity of a Scots pine stand and implications for terpene air concentrations. Biogeosciences 9, 689–702. DOI: 10.5194/bg-9-689-2012
- Bäck, J., Neuvonen, S., and Huttunen, S. 1994. Pine needle growth and fine structure after prolonged acid rain treatment in the subarctic. Plant Cell Environ. 17, 1009–21. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.1994.tb02024.x
- Baker, B., Bai, J. H., Johnson, C., Cai, Z. T., Li, Q. J., et al. 2005. Wet and dry season ecosystem level fluxes of isoprene and monoterpenes from a southeast Asian secondary forest and rubber tree plantation. Atmos. Environ. 39, 381–90. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.07.033
- Bakwin, P. S., Wofsy, S. C., Song-Miao Fan, Keller, M., Trumbore, S. E., et al. 1990. Emission of nitric oxide (NO) from tropical forest soils and exchange of NO between the forest canopy and atmospheric boundary layers. J. Geophys. Res. 95. DOI: 10.1029/JD095iD10p16755
- Baldocchi, D., Chu, H., and Reichstein, M. 2018. Inter-annual variability of net and gross ecosystem carbon fluxes: A review. Agric. For. Meteorol. 249, 520–33. DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.05.015
- Barber, V. A., Juday, G. P., and Finney, B. P. 2000. Reduced growth of Alaskan white spruce in the twentieth century from temperature-induced drought stress. Nature 405, 668–73. DOI: 10.1038/35015049
- Barkhordarian, A., Saatchi, S. S., Behrangi, A., Loikith, P. C., and Mechoso, C. R. 2019. A Recent Systematic Increase in Vapor Pressure Deficit over Tropical South America. Sci. Rep. 9, 1–12. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51857-8
- Barkley, M. P., Palmer, P. I., De Smedt, I., Karl, T., Guenther, A., et al. 2009. Regulated large-scale annual shutdown of Amazonian isoprene emissions? Geophys. Res. Lett. 36, 1–5. DOI: 10.1029/2008GL036843
- Barkley, M. P., Palmer, P. I., Ganzeveld, L., Arneth, A., Hagberg, D., et al. 2011. Can a “state of the art” chemistry transport model simulate Amazonian tropospheric chemistry? J. Geophys. Res. 116, 1–28. DOI: 10.1029/2011JD015893
- Barlow, J., Berenguer, E., Carmenta, R., and França, F. 2019. Clarifying Amazonia’s burning crisis. Glob. Chang. Biol. 26, 319–21. DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14872
- Barlow, J., and Peres, C. A. 2008. Fire-mediated dieback and compositional cascade in an Amazonian forest. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 363, 1787–94. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2007.0013
- Barnett, T. P., Adam, J. C., and Lettenmaier, D. P. 2005. Potential impacts of a warming climate on water availability in snow-dominated regions. Nature 438, 303–9. DOI: 10.1038/nature04141
- Barr, A. G., Griffis, T. J., Black, T. A., Lee, X., Staebler, R. M., et al. 2002. Comparing the carbon budgets of boreal and temperate deciduous forest stands. Can. J. For. Res. 32, 813–22. DOI: 10.1139/x01-131
- Basso, L. S., Gatti, L. V., Gloor, M., Miller, J. B., Domingues, L. G., et al. 2016. Seasonality and interannual variability of CH4 fluxes from the eastern Amazon Basin inferred from atmospheric mole fraction profiles. J. Geophys. Res. 121, 168–84. DOI: 10.1002/2015JD023874
- Bastin, J. F., Finegold, Y., Garcia, C., Mollicone, D., Rezende, M., et al. 2019. The global tree restoration potential. Science 364, 76–79. DOI: 10.1126/science.aax0848
- Bateman, A. P., Bertram, A. K., and Martin, S. T. 2015. Hygroscopic influence on the semisolid-to-liquid transition of secondary organic materials. J. Phys. Chem. A 119, 4386–95. DOI: 10.1021/jp508521c
- Bateman, A. P., Gong, Z., Harder, T. H., De Sá, S. S., Wang, B., et al. 2017. Anthropogenic influences on the physical state of submicron particulate matter over a tropical forest. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 17, 1759–73. DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-1759-2017
- Bateman, A. P., Gong, Z., Liu, P., Sato, B., Cirino, G., et al. 2016. Sub-micrometre particulate matter is primarily in liquid form over Amazon rainforest. Nat. Geosci. 9, 34–37. DOI: 10.1038/ngeo2599
- Bathiany, S., Dakos, V., Scheffer, M., and Lenton, T. M. 2018. Climate models predict increasing temperature variability in poor countries. Sci. Adv. 4, 1–10. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aar5809
- Bauer, H., Giebl, H., Hitzenberger, R., Kasper-Giebl, A., Reischl, G., et al. 2003. Airborne bacteria as cloud condensation nuclei. J. Geophys. Res. 108, 1–5. DOI: 10.1029/2003JD003545
- Beck, H. E., Zimmermann, N. E., McVicar, T. R., Vergopolan, N., Berg, A., et al. 2018. Present and future köppen-geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution. Sci. Data 5, 1–12. DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2018.214
- Beck, V., Chen, H., Gerbig, C., Bergamaschi, P., Bruhwiler, L., et al. 2012. Methane airborne measurements and comparison to global models during BARCA. J. Geophys. Res. 117, 1–16. DOI: 10.1029/2011JD017345
- Beck, V., Gerbig, C., Koch, T., Bela, M. M., Longo, K. M., et al. 2013. WRF-Chem simulations in the Amazon region during wet and dry season transitions: Evaluation of methane models and wetland inundation maps. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 13, 7961–82. DOI: 10.5194/acp-13-7961-2013
- Beer, C., Reichstein, M., Tomelleri, E., Ciais, P., Jung, M., et al. 2010. Terrestrial gross carbon dioxide uptake: Global distribution and covariation with climate. Science 329, 834–38. DOI: 10.1126/science.1184984
- Bekryaev, R. V., Polyakov, I. V., and Alexeev, V. A. 2010. Role of polar amplification in long-term surface air temperature variations and modern arctic warming. J. Clim. 23, 3888–3906. DOI: 10.1175/2010JCLI3297.1
- Bela, M. M., Longo, K. M., Freitas, S. R., Moreira, D. S., Beck, V., et al. 2015. Ozone production and transport over the Amazon Basin during the dry-to-wet and wet-to-dry transition seasons. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 15, 757–82. DOI: 10.5194/acp-15-757-2015
- Ben-Ami, Y., Koren, I., Rudich, Y., Artaxo, P., Martin, S. T., et al. 2010. Transport of North African dust from the Bodélé depression to the Amazon Basin: A case study. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 7533–44. DOI: 10.5194/acp-10-7533-2010
- Bender, F. A. M., Ramanathan, V., and Tselioudis, G. 2012. Changes in extratropical storm track cloudiness 1983–2008: Observational support for a poleward shift. Clim. Dyn. 38, 2037–53. DOI: 10.1007/s00382-011-1065-6
- Bergh, J., Nilsson, U., Allen, H. L., Johansson, U., and Fahlvik, N. 2014. Long-term responses of Scots pine and Norway spruce stands in Sweden to repeated fertilization and thinning. For. Ecol. Manage. 320, 118–28. DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2014.02.016
- Betts, A. K., and Ball, J. H. 1997. Albedo over the boreal forest. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 28901–9. DOI: 10.1029/96JD03876
- Betts, A. K., Ball, J. H., and McCaughey, J. H. 2001. Near-surface climate in the boreal forest. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 33529–41. DOI: 10.1029/96JD03876
- Betts, A. K., Gatti, L. V., Cordova, A. M., Silva Dias, M. A. F., and Fuentes, J. D. 2002. Transport of ozone to the surface by convective downdrafts at night. J. Geophys. Res. 107, LBA 13-1-LBA 13-6. DOI: 10.1029/2000JD000158
- Bianchi, F., Kurtén, T., Riva, M., Mohr, C., Rissanen, M. P., et al. 2019. Highly Oxygenated Organic Molecules (HOM) from Gas-Phase Autoxidation Involving Peroxy Radicals: A Key Contributor to Atmospheric Aerosol. Chem. Rev. 119, 3472–3509. DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00395
- Bianchi, F., Sinclair, V. A., Aliaga, D., Zha, Q., Scholz, W., et al. 2021. The SALTENA experiment: Comprehensive observations of aerosol sources, formation and processes in the South American Andes. Bull. Amer. Meteor. 1, 1–46. DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0187.1
- Bianchi, F., Trostl, J., Junninen, H., Frege, C., Henne, S., et al. 2016. New particle formation in the free troposphere: A question of chemistry and timing. Science 352, 1109–12. DOI: 10.1126/science.aad5456
- Bison, J. V., Cardoso-Gustavson, P., de Moraes, R. M., da Silva Pedrosa, G., Cruz, L. S., et al. 2018. Volatile organic compounds and nitric oxide as responses of a Brazilian tropical species to ozone: the emission profile of young and mature leaves. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 25, 3840–48. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0744-1
- Blundo, C., Carilla, J., Grau, R., Malizia, A., Malizia, L., et al. 2021. Taking the pulse of Earth’s tropical forests using networks of highly distributed plots. Biol. Conserv. 260, 108849. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108849
- Boiyo, R., Kumar, K. R., and Zhao, T. 2018. Spatial variations and trends in AOD climatology over East Africa during 2002–2016: a comparative study using three satellite data sets. Int. J. Climatol. 38, e1221–40. DOI: 10.1002/joc.5446
- Boiyo, R., Kumar, K. R., Zhao, T., and Guo, J. 2019. A 10-Year Record of Aerosol Optical Properties and Radiative Forcing Over Three Environmentally Distinct AERONET Sites in Kenya, East Africa. J. Geophys. Res. 124, 1596–1617. DOI: 10.1029/2018JD029461
- Bonan, G. B. 2008. Forests and climate change: Forcings, feedbacks, and the climate benefits of forests. Science 320, 1444–49. DOI: 10.1126/science.1155121
- Bonan, G. B., Pollard, D., and Thompson, S. L. 1992. Effects of boreal forest vegetation on global climate. Nature 359, 716–18. DOI: 10.1038/359716a0
- Bonan, G. B., and Shugart, H. H. 1989. Environmental factors and ecological processes in boreal forests. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 1–28. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.es.20.110189.000245
- Bond, T. C., Doherty, S. J., Fahey, D. W., Forster, P. M., Berntsen, T., et al. 2013. Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessment. J. Geophys. Res. 118, 5380–5552. DOI: 10.1002/jgrd.50171
- Bond-Lamberty, B., Peckham, S. D., Ahl, D. E., and Gower, S. T. 2007. Fire as the dominant driver of central Canadian boreal forest carbon balance. Nature 450, 89–92. DOI: 10.1038/nature06272
- Borma, L. S., Da Rocha, H. R., Cabral, O. M., Von Randow, C., Collicchio, E., et al. 2009. Atmosphere and hydrological controls of the evapotranspiration over a floodplain forest in the Bananal Island region, Amazonia. J. Geophys. Res. 114, 1–12. DOI: 10.1029/2007JG000641
- Botía, S., Gerbig, C., Marshall, J., Lavric, J. V., Walter, D., et al. 2020. Understanding nighttime methane signals at the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO). Atmos. Chem. Phys. 20, 6583–6606. DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-6583-2020
- Bourgeois, Q., Ekman, A. M. L., and Krejci, R. 2015. Aerosol transport over the andes from the amazon basin to the remote Pacific Ocean: A multiyear CALIOP assessment. J. Geophys. Res. 120, 8411–25. DOI: 10.1002/2015JD023254
- Bourtsoukidis, E., Behrendt, T., Yañez-Serrano, A. M., Hellén, H., Diamantopoulos, E., et al. 2018. Strong sesquiterpene emissions from Amazonian soils. Nat. Commun. 9, 1–11. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04658-y
- Bourtsoukidis, E., Bonn, B., Dittmann, A., Hakola, H., Hellén, H., et al. 2012. Ozone stress as a driving force of sesquiterpene emissions: A suggested parameterisation. Biogeosciences 9, 4337–52. DOI: 10.5194/bg-9-4337-2012
- Bowman, D. M. J. S., Balch, J., Artaxo, P., Bond, W. J., Cochrane, M. A., et al. 2011. The human dimension of fire regimes on Earth. J. Biogeogr. 38, 2223–36. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02595.x
- Boy, M., Thomson, E. S., Navarro, J. C. A., Arnalds, O., Batchvarova, E., et al. 2019. Interactions between the atmosphere, cryosphere, and ecosystems at northern high latitudes. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 19, 2015–61. DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-2015-2019
- Brando, P. M., Balch, J. K., Nepstad, D. C., Morton, D. C., Putz, F. E., et al. 2014. Abrupt increases in Amazonian tree mortality due to drought-fire interactions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 111, 6347–52. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1305499111
- Brando, P. M., Paolucci, L., Ummenhofer, C. C., Ordway, E. M., Hartmann, H., et al. 2019. Droughts, Wildfires, and Forest Carbon Cycling: A Pantropical Synthesis. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 47, 555–81. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010235
- Brando, P. M., Soares-Filho, B., Rodrigues, L., Assunção, A., Morton, D., et al. 2020. The gathering firestorm in southern Amazonia. Sci. Adv. 6, 1–9. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay1632
- Brassard, B. W., and Chen, H. Y. H. 2006. Stand structural dynamics of North American boreal forests. CRC. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 25, 115–37. DOI: 10.1080/07352680500348857
- Brienen, R. J. W., Phillips, O. L., Feldpausch, T. R., Gloor, E., Baker, T. R., et al. 2015. Long-term decline of the Amazon carbon sink. Nature 519, 344–48. DOI: 10.1038/nature14283
- Brioude, J., Cooper, O. R., Feingold, G., Trainer, M., Freitas, S. R., et al. 2009. Effect of biomass burning on marine stratocumulus clouds off the California coast. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9, 8841–56. DOI: 10.5194/acp-9-8841-2009
- Brito, J., Rizzo, L. V., Morgan, W. T., Coe, H., Johnson, B., et al. 2014. Ground-based aerosol characterization during the South American Biomass Burning Analysis (SAMBBA) field experiment. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 14, 12069–83. DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-12069-2014
- Bryan, N. C., Christner, B. C., Guzik, T. G., Granger, D. J., and Stewart, M. F. 2019. Abundance and survival of microbial aerosols in the troposphere and stratosphere. ISME J. 13, 2789–99. DOI: 10.1038/s41396-019-0474-0
- Buenrostro Mazon, S., Riipinen, I., Schultz, D. M., Valtanen, M., Maso, M. D., et al. 2009. Classifying previously undefined days from eleven years of aerosol-particle-size distribution data from the SMEAR II station, Hyytiälä, Finland. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9, 667–76. DOI: 10.5194/acp-9-667-2009
- Bullock, E. L., Woodcock, C. E., Souza, C., and Olofsson, P. 2020. Satellite-based estimates reveal widespread forest degradation in the Amazon. Glob. Chang. Biol. 26, 2956–69. DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15029
- Bunn, A. G., Goetz, S. J., Kimball, J. S., and Zhang, K. 2007. Northern high-latitude ecosystems respond to climate change. Eos (Washington. DC). 88, 333–35. DOI: 10.1029/2007EO340001
- Burgos, M. A., Andrews, E., Titos, G., Alados-Arboledas, L., Baltensperger, U., et al. 2019. A global view on the effect of water uptake on aerosol particle light scattering. Sci. Data 2019 61 6, 1–19. DOI: 10.1038/s41597-019-0158-7
- Burleyson, C. D., Feng, Z., Hagos, S. M., Fast, J., Machado, L. A. T., et al. 2016. Spatial Variability of the Background Diurnal Cycle of Deep Convection around the GoAmazon2014/5 Field Campaign Sites. J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. 55, 1579–98. DOI: 10.1175/JAMC-D-15-0229.1
- Burrows, S. M., Butler, T., Jöckel, P., Tost, H., Kerkweg, A., et al. 2009a. Bacteria in the global atmosphere – Part 2: Modeling of emissions and transport between different ecosystems. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9, 9281–97. DOI: 10.5194/acp-9-9281-2009
- Burrows, S. M., Elbert, W., Lawrence, M. G., and Pöschl, U. 2009b. Bacteria in the global atmosphere – Part 1: Review and synthesis of literature data for different ecosystems. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9, 9263–80. DOI: 10.5194/acp-9-9263-2009
- Butt, E. W., Conibear, L., Reddington, C. L., Darbyshire, E., Morgan, W. T., et al. 2020. Large air quality and human health impacts due to amazon forest and vegetation fires. Environ. Res. Commun. 2, 1–18. DOI: 10.1088/2515-7620/abb0db
- Buzorius, G., Rannik, Ü., Mäkelä, J. M., Keronen, P., Vesala, T., et al. 2000. Vertical aerosol fluxes measured by the eddy covariance method and deposition of nucleation mode particles above a Scots pine forest in southern Finland. J. Geophys. Res. 105, 19905–16. DOI: 10.1029/2000JD900108
- Buzorius, G., Rannik, Ü., Mäkelä, J. M., Vesala, T., and Kulmala, M. 1998. Vertical aerosol particle fluxes measured by eddy covariance technique using condensational particle counter. J. Aerosol Sci. 29, 157–71. DOI: 10.1016/S0021-8502(97)00458-8
- Byrne, M. P., Pendergrass, A. G., Rapp, A. D., and Wodzicki, K. R. 2018. Response of the Intertropical Convergence Zone to Climate Change: Location, Width, and Strength. Curr. Clim. Chang. Reports 4, 355–70. DOI: 10.1007/s40641-018-0110-5
- Camarinha-Neto, G. F., Cohen, J. C. P., Dias, C. Q., Sörgel, M., Cattanio, J. H., et al. 2021. The friagem event in the central Amazon and its influence on micrometeorological variables and atmospheric chemistry. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 21, 339–56. DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-339-2021
- Camponogara, G., Silva Dias, M. A. F., and Carrió, G. G. 2014. Relationship between Amazon biomass burning aerosols and rainfall over the la Plata Basin. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 14, 4397–4407. DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-4397-2014
- Camponogara, G., Da Silva Dias, M. A. F., and Carrió, G. G. 2018. Biomass burning CCN enhance the dynamics of a mesoscale convective system over the la Plata Basin: A numerical approach. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 18, 2081–96. DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-2081-2018
- Canadell, J. G., and Schulze, E. D. 2014. Global potential of biospheric carbon management for climate mitigation. Nat. Commun. 5, 1–12. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6282
- Carvalho, A., Monteiro, A., Flannigan, M., Solman, S., Miranda, A. I., et al. 2011. Forest fires in a changing climate and their impacts on air quality. Atmos. Environ. 45, 5545–53. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.05.010
- Cavalli, F., Facchini, M. C., Decesari, S., Emblico, L., Mircea, M., et al. 2006. Size-segregated aerosol chemical composition at a boreal site in southern Finland, during the QUEST project. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 6, 993–1002. DOI: 10.5194/acp-6-993-2006
- Cecchini, M. A., Machado, L. A. T., Andreae, M. O., Martin, S. T., Albrecht, R. I., et al. 2017. Sensitivities of Amazonian clouds to aerosols and updraft speed. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 17, 10037–50. DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-10037-2017
- Cecchini, M. A., Machado, L. A. T., and Artaxo, P. 2014. Droplet Size Distributions as a function of rainy system type and Cloud Condensation Nuclei concentrations. Atmos. Res. 143, 301–12. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.02.022
- Cecchini, M. A., Machado, L. A. T., Comstock, J. M., Mei, F., Wang, J., et al. 2016. Impacts of the Manaus pollution plume on the microphysical properties of Amazonian warm-phase clouds in the wet season. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 16, 7029–7041. DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-7029-2016
- Cerully, K. M., Raatikainen, T., Lance, S., Tkacik, D., Tiitta, P., et al. 2011. Aerosol hygroscopicity and CCN activation kinetics in a boreal forest environment during the 2007 EUCAARI campaign. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11, 12369–86. DOI: 10.5194/acp-11-12369-2011
- Chakrabarty, R. K., Gyawali, M., Yatavelli, R. L. N., Pandey, A., Watts, A. C., et al. 2016. Brown carbon aerosols from burning of boreal peatlands: Microphysical properties, emission factors, and implications for direct radiative forcing. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 16, 3033–40. DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-3033-2016
- Chambers, J. Q., and Artaxo, P. 2017. Deforestation size influences rainfall. Nat. Clim. Chang. 7, 175–76. DOI: 10.1038/nclimate3238
- Chambers, J. Q., Higuchi, N., Tribuzy, E. S., and Trumbore, S. E. 2001. Carbon sink for a century. Nature 410, 429–429. DOI: 10.1038/35068624
- Chambers, J. Q., Negron-Juarez, R. I., Marra, D. M., Di Vittorio, A., Tews, J., et al. 2013. The steady-state mosaic of disturbance and succession across an old-growth Central Amazon forest landscape. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 110, 3949–54. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1202894110
- Chambers, J. Q., and Silver, W. L. 2004. Some aspects of ecophysiological and biogeochemical responses of tropical forests to atmospheric change. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 359, 463–76. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2003.1424
- Chand, D., Guyon, P., Artaxo, P., Schmid, O., Frank, G. P., et al. 2006. Optical and physical properties of aerosols in the boundary layer and free troposphere over the Amazon Basin during the biomass burning season. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 6, 2911–25. DOI: 10.5194/acp-6-2911-2006
- Chang, E. K. M., Lee, S., and Swanson, K. L. 2002. Storm track dynamics. J. Clim. 15, 2163–83. DOI: 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<;02163:STD>2.0.CO;2
- Chapin, F. S., Sturm, M., Serreze, M. C., McFadden, J. P., Key, J. R., et al. 2005. Role of land-surface changes in arctic summer warming. Science 310, 657–60. DOI: 10.1126/science.1117368
- Chapman, W. L., and Walsh, J. E. 1993. Recent variations of sea ice and air temperature in high latitudes. Bull. Amer. Meteor. 74, 33–47. DOI: 10.1175/1520-0477(1993)074<;0033:RVOSIA>2.0.CO;2
- Chen, Q., Farmer, D. K., Rizzo, L. V., Pauliquevis, T., Kuwata, M., et al. 2015. Submicron particle mass concentrations and sources in the Amazonian wet season (AMAZE-08). Atmos. Chem. Phys. 15, 3687–3701. DOI: 10.5194/acp-15-3687-2015
- Chen, Q., Farmer, D. K., Schneider, J., Zorn, S. R., Heald, C. L., et al. 2009. Mass spectral characterization of submicron biogenic organic particles in the Amazon Basin. Geophys. Res. Lett. 36, L20806. DOI: 10.1029/2009GL039880
- Chen, Y., Morton, D. C., Andela, N., van der Werf, G. R., Giglio, L., et al. 2017. A pan-tropical cascade of fire driven by El Niño/Southern Oscillation. Nat. Clim. Chang. 7, 906–11. DOI: 10.1038/s41558-017-0014-8
- Chen, X., Quéléver, L. L. J., Fung, P. L., Kesti, J., Rissanen, M. P., et al. 2018. Observations of ozone depletion events in a Finnish boreal forest. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 18, 49–63. DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-49-2018
- Chi, J., Nilsson, M. B., Kljun, N., Wallerman, J., Fransson, J. E. S., et al. 2019. The carbon balance of a managed boreal landscape measured from a tall tower in northern Sweden. Agric. For. Meteorol. 274, 29–41. DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.04.010
- Chi, X., Winderlich, J., Mayer, J. C., Panov, A. V., Heimann, M., et al. 2013. Long-term measurements of aerosol and carbon monoxide at the ZOTTO tall tower to characterize polluted and pristine air in the Siberian taiga. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 13, 12271–98. DOI: 10.5194/acp-13-12271-2013
- China, S., Burrows, S. M., Wang, B., Harder, T. H., Weis, J., et al. 2018. Fungal spores as a source of sodium salt particles in the Amazon basin. Nat. Commun. 9, 4793. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07066-4
- China, S., Wang, B., Weis, J., Rizzo, L., Brito, J., et al. 2016. Rupturing of Biological Spores As a Source of Secondary Particles in Amazonia. Environ. Sci. Technol. 50, 12179–86. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02896
- Ciais, P., Bombelli, A., Williams, M., Piao, S. L., Chave, J., et al. 2011. The carbon balance of Africa: synthesis of recent research studies. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 369, 2038–57. DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2010.0328
- Cirino, G., Brito, J., Barbosa, H. M. J., Rizzo, L. V., Tunved, P., et al. 2018. Observations of Manaus urban plume evolution and interaction with biogenic emissions in GoAmazon 2014/5. Atmos. Environ. 191, 513–24. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.08.031
- Cirino, G. G., Souza, R. A. F., Adams, D. K., and Artaxo, P. 2014. The effect of atmospheric aerosol particles and clouds on net ecosystem exchange in the Amazon. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 14, 6523–43. DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-6523-2014
- Claeys, M., Graham, B., Vas, G., Wang, W., Vermeylen, R., et al. 2004. Formation of Secondary Organic Aerosols Through Photooxidation of Isoprene. Science 303, 1173–76. DOI: 10.1126/science.1092805
- Claeys, M., Kourtchev, I., Pashynska, V., Vas, G., Vermeylen, R., et al. 2010. Polar organic marker compounds in atmospheric aerosols during the LBA-SMOCC 2002 biomass burning experiment in Rondônia, Brazil: Sources and source processes, time series, diel variations and size distributions. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 9319–31. DOI: 10.5194/acp-10-9319-2010
- Clarke, A. D., Kapustin, V. N., Eisele, F. L., Weber, R. J., and McMurry, P. H. 1999. Particle production near marine clouds: Sulfuric acid and predictions from classical binary nucleation. Geophys. Res. Lett. 26, 2425–28. DOI: 10.1029/1999GL900438
- Clarke, A. D., Varner, J. L., Eisele, F., Mauldin, R. L., Tanner, D., et al. 1998. Particle production in the remote marine atmosphere: Cloud outflow and subsidence during ACE 1. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 16397–409. DOI: 10.1029/97JD02987
- Cochrane, M. A., Alencar, A., Schulze, M. D., Souza, C. M., Nepstad, D. C., et al. 1999. Positive feedbacks in the fire dynamic of closed canopy tropical forests. Science 284, 1832–35. DOI: 10.1126/science.284.5421.1832
- Cohen, J. C. P., Silva Dias, M. A. F., and Nobre, C. A. 1995. Environmental Conditions Associated with Amazonian Squall Lines: A Case Study. Mon. Weather Rev. 123, 3163–74. DOI: 10.1175/1520-0493(1995)123<;3163:ECAWAS>2.0.CO;2
- Collaud Coen, M., Weingartner, E., Apituley, A., Ceburnis, D., Fierz-Schmidhauser, R., et al. 2010. Minimizing light absorption measurement artifacts of the Aethalometer: evaluation of five correction algorithms. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 3, 457–74. DOI: 10.5194/amt-3-457-2010
- Cooper, G. S., Willcock, S., and Dearing, J. A. 2020. Regime shifts occur disproportionately faster in larger ecosystems. Nat. Commun. 11, 1–10. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15029-x
- Corrigan, A. L., Russell, L. M., Takahama, S., Äijälä, M., Ehn, M., et al. 2013. Biogenic and biomass burning organic aerosol in a boreal forest at Hyytiälä, Finland, during HUMPPA-COPEC 2010. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 13, 12233–56. DOI: 10.5194/acp-13-12233-2013
- Coursolle, C., Giasson, M. A., Margolis, H. A., and Bernier, P. Y. 2012. Moving towards carbon neutrality: CO2 exchange of a black spruce forest ecosystem during the first 10 years of recovery after harvest. Can. J. For. Res. 42, 1908–18. DOI: 10.1139/x2012-133
- Covey, K., Soper, F., Pangala, S., Bernardino, A., Pagliaro, Z., et al. 2021. Carbon and Beyond: The Biogeochemistry of Climate in a Rapidly Changing Amazon. Front. For. Glob. Chang. 4, 11. DOI: 10.3389/ffgc.2021.618401
- Cox, P. M., Harris, P. P., Huntingford, C., Betts, R. A., Collins, M., et al. 2008. Increasing risk of Amazonian drought due to decreasing aerosol pollution. Nature 453, 212–15. DOI: 10.1038/nature06960
- Crippa, M., Canonaco, F., Lanz, V. A., Äijälä, M., Allan, J. D., et al. 2014. Organic aerosol components derived from 25 AMS data sets across Europe using a consistent ME-2 based source apportionment approach. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 14, 6159–76. DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-6159-2014
- Cronn, D. R., and Nutmagul, W. 1982. Analysis of atmospheric hydrocarbons during winter MONEX. Tellus 34, 159–65. DOI: 10.3402/tellusa.v34i2.10798
- Cros, B., Delmas, R., Nganga, D., Clairac, B., and Fontan, J. 1988. Seasonal trends of ozone in equatorial Africa: Experimental evidence of photochemical formation. J. Geophys. Res. 93, 8355–66. DOI: 10.1029/JD093iD07p08355
- Crutzen, P. J., Williams, J., Pöschl, U., Hoor, P., Fischer, H., et al. 2000. High spatial and temporal resolution measurements of primary organics and their oxidation products over the tropical forests of Surinam. Atmos. Environ. 34, 1161–65. DOI: 10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00482-3
- Crutzen, S. P. J., Coffey, M. T., Delany, A. C., Greenberg, J., Haagenson, P., et al. 1985. OBSERVATIONS OF AIR COMPOSITION IN BRAZIL BETWEEN THE EQUATOR AND 20°S DURING THE DRY. Acta Amaz. 15, 77–119. DOI: 10.1590/1809-43921985152119
- da Costa, A. C. L., Galbraith, D., Almeida, S., Portela, B. T. T., da Costa, M., et al. 2010. Effect of 7 yr of experimental drought on vegetation dynamics and biomass storage of an eastern Amazonian rainforest. New Phytol. 187, 579–91. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03309.x
- da Rocha, H. R., Manzi, A. O., Cabral, O. M., Miller, S. D., Goulden, M. L., et al. 2009. Patterns of water and heat flux across a biome gradient from tropical forest to savanna in brazil. J. Geophys. Res. 114, 0–12. DOI: 10.1029/2007JG000640
- Dada, L., Paasonen, P., Nieminen, T., Buenrostro Mazon, S., Kontkanen, J., et al. 2017. Long-term analysis of clear-sky new particle formation events and nonevents in Hyytiälä. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 17, 6227–41. DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-6227-2017
- Daellenbach, K., Kourtchev, I., Vogel, A., Bruns, E., Jiang, J., et al. 2019. Impact of anthropogenic and biogenic sources on the seasonal variation in the molecular composition of urban organic aerosols: A field and laboratory study using ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 19, 5973–91. DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-5973-2019
- Dal Maso, M., Kulmala, M., Riipinen, I., Wagner, R., Hussein, T., et al. 2005. Formation and growth of fresh atmospheric aerosols: Eight years of aerosol size distribution data from SMEAR II, Hyytiälä, Finland. Boreal Environ. Res. 10, 323–36.
- Dal Maso, M., and Sogacheva, L. 2007. Aerosol particle formation events at two Siberian stations inside the boreal forest. Nucleation Atmos. Aerosols 840–44. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-6475-3
- Dal Maso, M., Sogacheva, L., Aalto, P. P., Riipinen, I., Komppula, M., et al. 2007. Aerosol size distribution measurements at four Nordic field stations: Identification, analysis and trajectory analysis of new particle formation bursts. Tellus B 59, 350–61. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2007.00267.x
- Darbyshire, E., Morgan, W. T., Allan, J. D., Liu, D., Flynn, M. J., et al. 2019. The vertical distribution of biomass burning pollution over tropical South America from aircraft in situ measurements during SAMBBA. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 19, 5771–90. DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-5771-2019
- Davidson, E. A., and Artaxo, P. 2004. Globally significant changes in biological processes of the Amazon Basin: results of the Large-scale Biosphere–Atmosphere Experiment. Glob. Chang. Biol. 10, 519–29. DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2003.00779.x
- Davidson, E. A., De Araüjo, A. C., Artaxo, P., Balch, J. K., Brown, I. F., et al. 2012. The Amazon basin in transition. Nature 481, 321–28. DOI: 10.1038/nature10717
- de Oliveira, G., Chen, J. M., Stark, S. C., Berenguer, E., Moutinho, P., et al. 2020. Smoke pollution’s impacts in Amazonia. Science 369, 634–35. DOI: 10.1126/science.abd5942
- de Oliveira, B. F. A., de Carvalho, L. V. B., Mourão, D. de S., da Costa Mattos, R. de C. O., de Castro, H. A., et al. 2018. Environmental Exposure Associated with Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Children and Adolescents Residents in Brazilian Western Amazon. J. Environ. Prot. 09, 347–67. DOI: 10.4236/jep.2018.94023
- de Sá, S. S., Palm, B. B., Campuzano-Jost, P., Day, D. A., Hu, W., et al. 2018. Urban influence on the concentration and composition of submicron particulate matter in central Amazonia. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 18, 12185–206. DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-12185-2018
- de Sá, S. S., Palm, B. B., Campuzano-Jost, P., Day, D. A., Newburn, M. K., et al. 2017. Influence of urban pollution on the production of organic particulate matter from isoprene epoxydiols in central Amazonia. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 17, 6611–29. DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-6611-2017
- de Sá, S. S., Rizzo, L. V., Palm, B. B., Campuzano-Jost, P., Day, D. A., et al. 2019. Contributions of biomass-burning, urban, and biogenic emissions to the concentrations and light-absorbing properties of particulate matter in central Amazonia during the dry season. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 19, 7973–8001. DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-7973-2019
- Decesari, S., Fuzzi, S., Facchini, M. C., Mircea, M., Emblico, L., et al. 2006. Characterization of the organic composition of aerosols from Rondônia, Brazil, during the LBA-SMOCC 2002 experiment and its representation through model compounds. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 6, 375–402. DOI: 10.5194/acp-6-375-2006
- Delort, A. M., Vaïtilingom, M., Amato, P., Sancelme, M., Parazols, M., et al. 2010. A short overview of the microbial population in clouds: Potential roles in atmospheric chemistry and nucleation processes. Atmos. Res. 98, 249–60. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2010.07.004
- Dengel, S., Grace, J., Aakala, T., Hari, P., Newberry, S. L., et al. 2013. Spectral characteristics of pine needles at the limit of tree growth in subarctic Finland. Plant Ecol. Divers. 6, 31–44. DOI: 10.1080/17550874.2012.754512
- Després, V., Huffman, Ja., Burrows, S. M., Hoose, C., Safatov, A., et al. 2012. Primary biological aerosol particles in the atmosphere: a review. Tellus B 64, 1–58. DOI: 10.3402/tellusb.v64i0.15598
- Di Lorenzo, R. A., Place, B. K., VandenBoer, T. C., and Young, C. J. 2018. Composition of Size-Resolved Aged Boreal Fire Aerosols: Brown Carbon, Biomass Burning Tracers, and Reduced Nitrogen. ACS Earth Space Chem. 2, 278–85. doi: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.7b00137.
- Dias-Junior, C. Q., Dias, N. L., Fuentes, J. D., and Chamecki, M. 2017. Convective storms and non-classical low-level jets during high ozone level episodes in the Amazon region: An ARM/GOAMAZON case study. Atmos. Environ. 155, 199–209. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.02.006
- Díaz, S., Zafra-Calvo, N., Purvis, A., Verburg, P. H., Obura, D., et al. 2020. Set ambitious goals for biodiversity and sustainability. Science 370, 411–13. DOI: 10.1126/science.abe1530
- Diedhiou, A., Machado, L. A. T., and Laurent, H. 2010. Mean kinematic characteristics of synoptic easterly disturbances over the Atlantic. Adv. Atmos. Sci. 27, 483–99. DOI: 10.1007/s00376-009-9092-5
- Doerr, S. H., and Santín, C. 2016. Global trends in wildfire and its impacts: Perceptions versus realities in a changing world. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 371, 20150345. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0345
- Donohoe, A., Marshall, J., Ferreira, D., Armour, K., and McGee, D. 2014. The Interannual Variability of Tropical Precipitation and Interhemispheric Energy Transport. J. Clim. 27, 3377–92. DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00499.1
- dos Santos, M. J., Dias, M. A. F. S., and Freitas, E. D. 2014. Influence of local circulations on wind, moisture, and precipitation close to Manaus city, Amazon region, Brazil. J. Geophys. Res. 119, 13, 233–13,249. DOI: 10.1002/2014JD021969
- Doughty, C. E., Metcalfe, D. B., Girardin, C. A. J., Amézquita, F. F., Cabrera, D. G., et al. 2015a. Drought impact on forest carbon dynamics and fluxes in Amazonia. Nature 519, 78–82. DOI: 10.1038/nature14213
- Doughty, C. E., Metcalfe, D. B., Girardin, C. A.J., Amezquita, F. F., Durand, L., et al. 2015b. Source and sink carbon dynamics and carbon allocation in the Amazon basin. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 29, 645–55. DOI: 10.1002/2014GB005028
- Dunn, A. L., Barford, C. C., Wofsy, S. C., Goulden, M. L., Daube, B. C., et al. 2007. A long-term record of carbon exchange in a boreal black spruce forest: means, responses to interannual variability, and decadal trends. Glob. Chang. Biol. 13, 577–90. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01221.x
- Dusek, U., Covert, D. S., Wiedensohler, A., Neusüss, C., Weise, D., et al. 2003. Cloud condensation nuclei spectra derived from size distributions and hygroscopic properties of the aerosol in coastal south-west Portugal during ACE-2. Tellus B 55, 35–53. DOI: 10.3402/tellusb.v55i1.16357
- Dusek, U., Frank, G. P., Curtius, J., Drewnick, F., Schneider, J., et al. 2010. Enhanced organic mass fraction and decreased hygroscopicity of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) during new particle formation events. Geophys. Res. Lett. 37, 3804. DOI: 10.1029/2009GL040930
- Ebben, C. J., Martinez, I. S., Shrestha, M., Buchbinder, A. M., Corrigan, A. L., et al. 2011a. Contrasting organic aerosol particles from boreal and tropical forests during HUMPPA-COPEC-2010 and AMAZE-08 using coherent vibrational spectroscopy. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11, 10317–29. DOI: 10.5194/acp-11-10317-2011
- Ebben, C. J., Shrestha, M., Martinez, I. S., Corrigan, A. L., Frossard, A. A., et al. 2012. Organic Constituents on the Surfaces of Aerosol Particles from Southern Finland, Amazonia, and California Studied by Vibrational Sum Frequency Generation. J. Phys. Chem. A 116, 8271–90. DOI: 10.1021/jp302631z
- Ebben, C. J., Zorn, S. R., Lee, S. B., Artaxo, P., Martin, S. T., et al. 2011b. Stereochemical transfer to atmospheric aerosol particles accompanying the oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds. Geophys. Res. Lett. 38, 1–5. DOI: 10.1029/2011GL048599
- Echalar, F., Artaxo, P., Martins, J. V., Yamasoe, M., Gerab, F., et al. 1998. Long-term monitoring of atmospheric aerosols in the Amazon Basin: Source identification and apportionment. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 31849–64. DOI: 10.1029/98JD01749
- Eck, T. F., Holben, B. N., Reid, J. S., O’Neill, N. T., Schafer, J. S., et al. 2003. High aerosol optical depth biomass burning events: A comparison of optical properties for different source regions. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, 1–4. DOI: 10.1029/2003GL017861
- Ehn, M., Petäjä, T., Aufmhoff, H., Aalto, P., Hämeri, K., et al. 2007. Hygroscopic properties of ultrafine aerosol particles in the boreal forest: Diurnal variation, solubility and the influence of sulfuric acid. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7, 211–22. DOI: 10.5194/acp-7-211-2007
- Ehn, M., Thornton, J. A., Kleist, E., Sipilä, M., Junninen, H., et al. 2014. A large source of low-volatility secondary organic aerosol. Nature 506, 476–79. DOI: 10.1038/nature13032
- Ekman, A. M. L., Engström, A., and Söderberg, A. 2011. Impact of two-way aerosol-cloud interaction and changes in aerosol size distribution on simulated aerosol-induced deep convective cloud sensitivity. J. Atmos. Sci. 68, 685–98. DOI: 10.1175/2010JAS3651.1
- Ekman, A. M. L., Krejci, R., Engström, A., Ström, J., de Reus, M., et al. 2008. Do organics contribute to small particle formation in the Amazonian upper troposphere? Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L17810. DOI: 10.1029/2008GL034970
- Ekström, S., Nozière, B., Hultberg, M., Alsberg, T., Magnér, J., et al. 2010. A possible role of ground-based microorganisms on cloud formation in the atmosphere. Biogeosciences 7, 387–94. DOI: 10.5194/bg-7-387-2010
- Elbert, W., Taylor, P. E., Andreae, M. O., and Pöschl, U. 2007. Contribution of fungi to primary biogenic aerosols in the atmosphere: Wet and dry discharged spores, carbohydrates, and inorganic ions. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7, 4569–88. DOI: 10.5194/acp-7-4569-2007
- Erb, K. H., Kastner, T., Plutzar, C., Bais, A. L. S., Carvalhais, N., et al. 2018. Unexpectedly large impact of forest management and grazing on global vegetation biomass. Nature 553, 73–76. DOI: 10.1038/nature25138
- Ezhova, E., Kerminen, V. M., Lehtinen, K. E. J., and Kulmala, M. 2018a. A simple model for the time evolution of the condensation sink in the atmosphere for intermediate Knudsen numbers. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 18, 2431–42. DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-2431-2018
- Ezhova, E., Ylivinkka, I., Kuusk, J., Komsaare, K., Vana, M., et al. 2018b. Direct effect of aerosols on solar radiation and gross primary production in boreal and hemiboreal forests. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 18, 17863–81. DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-17863-2018
- Falkovich, A. H., Graber, E. R., Schkolnik, G., Rudich, Y., Maenhaut, W., et al. 2005. Low molecular weight organic acids in aerosol particles from Rondônia, Brazil, during the biomass-burning, transition and wet periods. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 5, 781–97. DOI: 10.5194/acp-5-781-2005
- Fan, J., Comstock, J. M., and Ovchinnikov, M. 2010. The cloud condensation nuclei and ice nuclei effects on tropical anvil characteristics and water vapor of the tropical tropopause layer. Environ. Res. Lett. 5, 044005. DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/5/4/044005
- Fan, J., Leung, L. R., Rosenfeld, D., Chen, Q., Li, Z., et al. 2013. Microphysical effects determine macrophysical response for aerosol impacts on deep convective clouds. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 110, E4581–90. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1316830110
- Fan, J., Rosenfeld, D., Zhang, Y., Giangrande, S. E., Li, Z., et al. 2018. Substantial convection and precipitation enhancements by ultrafine aerosol particles. Science 359, 411–18. DOI: 10.1126/science.aan8461
- FAO, 2015.
Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015 . UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy. ISBN 978-92-5-108826-5, 253 pg. - FAO, 2018:
The state of world’s forests 2018 – Forest pathways to sustainable development . FAO, Rome, 139 pp, ISBN 978-92-5-130561-4.http://www.fao.org/publications/sofo/en/ . - Farmer, D. K., Chen, Q., Kimmel, J. R., Docherty, K. S., Nemitz, E., et al. 2013. Chemically resolved particle fluxes over tropical and temperate forests. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 47, 818–30. DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2013.791022
- Fauset, S., Johnson, M. O., Gloor, M., Baker, T. R., Monteagudo, M. A., et al. 2015. Hyperdominance in Amazonian forest carbon cycling. Nat. Commun. 6, 6857. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7857
- Feldpausch, T. R., Phillips, O. L., Brienen, R. J. W., Gloor, E., Lloyd, J., et al. 2016. Amazon forest response to repeated droughts. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 30, 964–82. DOI: 10.1002/2015GB005133
- Feng, L., Palmer, P. I., Bösch, H., Parker, R. J., Webb, A. J., et al. 2017. Consistent regional fluxes of CH4 and CO2 inferred from GOSAT proxy XCH4:XCO2 retrievals, 2010–2014. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 17, 4781–97. DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-4781-2017
- Feng, X., Merow, C., Liu, Z., Park, D. S., Roehrdanz, P. R., et al. 2021. How deregulation, drought and increasing fire impact Amazonian biodiversity. Nature 597, 516–21. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03876-7
- Fernández-Martínez, M., Vicca, S., Janssens, I. A., Ciais, P., Obersteiner, M., et al. 2017. Atmospheric deposition, CO2, and change in the land carbon sink. Sci. Rep. 7, 9632. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08755-8
- Finessi, E., Decesari, S., Paglione, M., Giulianelli, L., Carbone, C., et al. 2012. Determination of the biogenic secondary organic aerosol fraction in the boreal forest by NMR spectroscopy. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 12, 941–59. DOI: 10.5194/acp-12-941-2012
- Fishman, J., Creilson, J. K., Parker, P. A., Ainsworth, E. A., Vining, G. G., et al. 2010. An investigation of widespread ozone damage to the soybean crop in the upper Midwest determined from ground-based and satellite measurements. Atmos. Environ. 44, 2248–56. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.01.015
- Fitzjarrald, D. R. R. K., Sakai, O. L. L., Moraes, R. C., de Oliveira, O. C., Acevedo, M. J. et al. 2008. Spatial and temporal rainfall variability near the Amazon-Tapajós confluence. J. Geophys. Res. 113, 1–17. DOI: 10.1029/2007JG000596
- Fitzjarrald, D. R., Stormwind, B. L., Fisch, G., and Cabral, O. M. R. 1988. Turbulent transport observed just above the Amazon forest. J. Geophys. Res. 93, 1551–63. DOI: 10.1029/JD093iD02p01551
- Flannigan, M. D., Krawchuk, M. A., De Groot, W. J., Wotton, B. M., and Gowman, L. M. 2009. Implications of changing climate for global wildland fire. Int. J. Wildl. Fire 18, 483–507. DOI: 10.1071/WF08187
- Forkel, M., Carvalhais, N., Rödenbeck, C., Keeling, R., Heimann, M., et al. 2016. Enhanced seasonal CO2 exchange caused by amplified plant productivity in northern ecosystems. Science 351, 696–99. DOI: 10.1126/science.aac4971
- Formenti, P., Andreae, M. O., Lange, L., Roberts, G., Cafmeyer, J., et al. 2001. Saharan dust in Brazil and Suriname during the Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) – Cooperative LBA Regional Experiment (CLAIRE) in March 1998. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 14919–34. DOI: 10.1029/2000JD900827
- Formenti, P., Rajot, J. L., Desboeufs, K., Caquineau, S., Chevaillier, S., et al. 2008. Regional variability of the composition of mineral dust from western Africa: Results from the AMMA SOP0/DABEX and DODO field campaigns. J. Geophys. Res. 113, D00C13. DOI: 10.1029/2008JD009903
- Fraund, M., Pham, D. Q., Bonanno, D., Harder, T. H., Wang, B., et al. 2017. Elemental Mixing State of Aerosol Particles Collected in Central Amazonia during GoAmazon2014/15, Atmosphere, 8, 173. DOI: 10.3390/atmos8090173
- Freedman, J. M., D. R. Fitzjarrald, K. E. Moore, and R. K. Sakai. 2001. Boundary Layer Clouds and Vegetation–Atmosphere Feedbacks. J. Clim. 14, 180–97. DOI: 10.1175/1520-0442(2001)013<;0180:BLCAVA>2.0.CO;2
- Freire, L. S., Gerken, T., Ruiz-Plancarte, J., Wei, D., Fuentes, J. D., et al. 2017. Turbulent mixing and removal of ozone within an Amazon rainforest canopy. J. Geophys. Res. 122, 2791–2811. DOI: 10.1002/2016JD026009
- Freitas, S. R., Longo, K. M., Silva Dias, M. A. F., Silva Dias, P. L., Chatfield, R., et al. 2005. Monitoring the transport of biomass burning emissions in South America. Environ. Fluid Mech. 5, 135–67. DOI: 10.1007/s10652-005-0243-7
- Freitas, S. R., Panetta, J., Longo, K. M., Rodrigues, L. F., Moreira, D. S., et al. 2017. The Brazilian developments on the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (BRAMS 5.2): An integrated environmental model tuned for tropical areas. Geosci. Model Dev. 10, 189–222. DOI: 10.5194/gmd-10-189-2017
- Freud, E., Rosenfeld, D., Andreae, M. O., Costa, A. A., and Artaxo, P. 2008a. Robust relations between CCN and the vertical evolution of cloud drop size distribution in deep convective clouds. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 8, 1661–75. DOI: 10.5194/acp-8-1661-2008
- Freud, E., Ström, J., Rosenfeld, D., Tunved, P., and Swietlicki, E. 2008b. Anthropogenic aerosol effects on convective cloud microphysical properties in southern Sweden. Tellus B 60, 286–97. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2007.00337.x
- Friedlingstein, P., Jones, M. W., O’Sullivan, M., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., et al. 2019. Global carbon budget 2019. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 11, 1783–1838. DOI: 10.5194/essd-11-1783-2019
- Fröhlich-Nowoisky, J., Burrows, S. M., Xie, Z., Engling, G., Solomon, P. A., et al. 2012. Biogeography in the air: Fungal diversity over land and oceans. Biogeosciences 9, 1125–36. DOI: 10.5194/bg-9-1125-2012
- Fröhlich-Nowoisky, J., Hill, T. C. J., Pummer, B. G., Yordanova, P., Franc, G. D. et al. 2015. Ice nucleation activity in the widespread soil fungus Mortierella alpina, Biogeosciences, 12, 1057–1071. DOI: 10.5194/bg-12-1057-2015
- Fröhlich-Nowoisky, J., Kampf, C. J., Weber, B., Huffman, J. A., Pöhlker, C., et al. 2016. Bioaerosols in the Earth system: Climate, health, and ecosystem interactions. Atmos. Res. 182, 346–76. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.07.018
- Fu, R., Yin, L., Li, W., Arias, P. A., Dickinson, R. E., et al. 2013. Increased dry-season length over southern Amazonia in recent decades and its implication for future climate projection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 110, 18110–15. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1302584110
- Fuhrer, J., Skärby, L., and Ashmore, M. R. 1997. Critical levels for ozone effects on vegetation in Europe. Environ. Pollut. 97, 91–106. DOI: 10.1016/S0269-7491(97)00067-5
- Fuss, S., Lamb, W. F., Callaghan, M. W., Hilaire, J., Creutzig, F., et al. 2018. Negative emissions – Part 2: Costs, potentials and side effects. Environ. Res. Lett. 13, 063002. DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/aabf9f
- Fuzzi, S., Decesari, S., Facchini, M. C., Cavalli, F., Emblico, L., et al. 2007. Overview of the inorganic and organic composition of size-segregated aerosol in Rondônia, Brazil, from the biomass-burning period to the onset of the wet season. J. Geophys. Res. 112, D01201. DOI: 10.1029/2005JD006741
- Gabey, A. M., Gallagher, M. W., Whitehead, J., Dorsey, J. R., Kaye, P. H., et al. 2010. Measurements and comparison of primary biological aerosol above and below a tropical forest canopy using a dual channel fluorescence spectrometer. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 4453–66. DOI: 10.5194/acp-10-4453-2010
- Gabey, A., Stanley, W., Gallagher, M., and Kaye, P. H. 2011. The fluorescence properties of aerosol larger than 0.8 μm in urban and tropical rainforest locations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 5491–5504. DOI: 10.5194/acp-11-5491-2011
- Gatti, L. V., Basso, L. S., Miller, J. B., Gloor, M., Gatti Domingues, L., et al. 2021. Amazonia as a carbon source linked to deforestation and climate change. Nature 595, 388–93. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03629-6
- Gatti, L. V., Gloor, M., Miller, J. B., Doughty, C. E., Malhi, Y., et al. 2014. Drought sensitivity of Amazonian carbon balance revealed by atmospheric measurements. Nature 506, 76–80. DOI: 10.1038/nature12957
- Gatti, L. V., Miller, J. B., D’amelio, M. T. S., Martinewski, A., Basso, L. S., et al. 2010. Vertical profiles of CO2 above eastern Amazonia suggest a net carbon flux to the atmosphere and balanced biosphere between 2000 and 2009. Tellus B 62, 581–94. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2010.00484.x
- Gauthier, S., Bernier, P., Kuuluvainen, T., Shvidenko, A. Z., and Schepaschenko, D. G. 2015. Boreal forest health and global change. Science 349, 819–22. DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa9092
- Gedney, N., Cox, P. M., and Huntingford, C. 2004. Climate feedback from wetland methane emissions. Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, L20503. DOI: 10.1029/2004GL020919
- Gerken, T., Chamecki, M., and Fuentes, J. D. 2017. Air-Parcel Residence Times Within Forest Canopies. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 165, 29–54. DOI: 10.1007/s10546-017-0269-7
- Gerken, T., Wei, D., Chase, R. J., Fuentes, J. D., Schumacher, C., et al. 2016. Downward transport of ozone rich air and implications for atmospheric chemistry in the Amazon rainforest. Atmos. Environ. 124, 64–76. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.11.014
- Geron, C., Guenther, A., Greenberg, J., Loescher, H. W., Clark, D., et al. 2002. Biogenic volatile organic compound emissions from a lowland tropical wet forest in Costa Rica. Atmos. Environ. 36, 3793–3802. DOI: 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00301-1
- Geron, C., Owen, S., Guenther, A., Greenberg, J., Rasmussen, R., et al. 2006. Volatile organic compounds from vegetation in southern Yunnan Province, China: Emission rates and some potential regional implications. Atmos. Environ. 40, 1759–73. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.11.022
- Gettelman, A., Morrison, H., Santos, S., Bogenschutz, P., and Caldwell, P. M. 2015. Advanced two-moment bulk microphysics for global models. Part II: Global model solutions and aerosol-cloud interactions. J. Clim. 28, 1288–1307. DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00103.1
- Ghimire, R. P., Markkanen, J. M., Kivimäenpää, M., Lyytikäinen-Saarenmaa, P., and Holopainen, J. K. 2013. Needle removal by pine sawfly larvae increases branch-level VOC emissions and reduces below-ground emissions of scots pine. Environ. Sci. Technol. 47, 4325–32. DOI: 10.1021/es4006064
- Ghirardo, A., K. Koch, R. Taipale, I. Zimmer, J.-P. Schnitzler et al. 2010. Determination of de novo and pool emissions of terpenes from four common boreal/alpine trees by 13 CO2 labeling and PTR-MS analysis. Plant Cell Environ. 33, 781–792. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.02104.x
- Giangrande, S. E., Feng, Z., Jensen, M. P., Comstock, J. M., Johnson, K. L., et al. 2017. Cloud characteristics, thermodynamic controls and radiative impacts during the Observations and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/5) experiment. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 17, 14519–41. DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-14519-2017
- Gibson, M. D., Pierce, J. R., Waugh, D., Kuchta, J. S., Chisholm, L., et al. 2013. Identifying the sources driving observed PM2.5 temporal variability over Halifax, Nova Scotia, during BORTAS-B. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 13, 7199–7213. DOI: 10.5194/acp-13-7199-2013
- Giglio, L., Randerson, J. T., and Van Der Werf, G. R. 2013. Analysis of daily, monthly, and annual burned area using the fourth-generation global fire emissions database (GFED4). J. Geophys. Res. 118, 317–28. DOI: 10.1002/jgrg.20042
- Gilardoni, S., Vignati, E., Marmer, E., Cavalli, F., Belis, C., et al. 2011. Sources of carbonaceous aerosol in the Amazon basin. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11, 2747–64. DOI: 10.5194/acp-11-2747-2011
- Gilbert, G. S., and Reynolds, D. R. 2005. Nocturnal fungi: Airborne spores in the canopy and understory of a tropical rain forest. Biotropica 37, 462–64. DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2005.00061.x
- Glicker, H. S., Lawler, M. J., Ortega, J., De Sá, S. S., Martin, S. T., et al. 2019. Chemical composition of ultrafine aerosol particles in central Amazonia during the wet season. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 19, 13053–66. DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-13053-2019
- Gloor, E. 2019. The fate of Amazonia. Nat. Clim. Chang. 9, 355–56. DOI: 10.1038/s41558-019-0465-1
- Gloor, M., Barichivich, J., Ziv, G., Brienen, R., Schöngart, J., et al. 2015. Recent Amazon climate as background for possible ongoing and future changes of Amazon humid forests. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 29, 1384–99. DOI: 10.1002/2014GB005080
- Gloor, M., Brienen, R. J. W., Galbraith, D., Feldpausch, T. R., Schöngart, J., et al. 2013. Intensification of the Amazon hydrological cycle over the last two decades. Geophys. Res. Lett. 40, 1729–33. DOI: 10.1002/grl.50377
- Gloor, M., Gatti, L., Brienen, R., Feldpausch, T. R., Phillips, O. L., et al. 2012. The carbon balance of South America: A review of the status, decadal trends and main determinants. Biogeosciences 9, 5407–30. DOI: 10.5194/bg-9-5407-2012
- Gonçalves, K. dos S., Winkler, M. S., Benchimol-Barbosa, P. R., de Hoogh, K., Artaxo, P. E., et al. 2018. Development of non-linear models predicting daily fine particle concentrations using aerosol optical depth retrievals and ground-based measurements at a municipality in the Brazilian Amazon region. Atmos. Environ. 184, 156–65. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.03.057
- González, N. J. D., Borg-Karlson, A. K., Artaxo, P., Guenther, A., Krejci, R., et al. 2014. Primary and secondary organics in the tropical Amazonian rainforest aerosols: Chiral analysis of 2-methyltetraols. Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts 16, 1413–21. DOI: 10.1039/c4em00102h
- Gouveia, D. A., Barja, B., Barbosa, H. M. J., Seifert, P., Baars, H., et al. 2017. Optical and geometrical properties of cirrus clouds in Amazonia derived from 1 year of ground-based lidar measurements. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 17, 3619–36. DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-3619-2017
- Grabowski, W. W. 2015. Untangling microphysical impacts on deep convection applying a novel modeling methodology. J. Atmos. Sci. 72, 2446–64. DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-14-0307.1
- Grabowski, W. W., and Morrison, H. 2016. Untangling microphysical impacts on deep convection applying a novel modeling methodology. Part II: Double-moment microphysics. J. Atmos. Sci. 73, 3749–70. DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-15-0367.1
- Grace, J., Mitchard, E., and Gloor, E. 2014. Perturbations in the carbon budget of the tropics. Glob. Chang. Biol. 20, 3238–55. DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12600
- Graham, B., Guyon, P., Maenhaut, W., Taylor, P. E., Ebert, M., et al. 2003b. Composition and diurnal variability of the natural Amazonian aerosol. J. Geophys. Res. 108. DOI: 10.1029/2003JD004049
- Graham, B., Guyon, P., Taylor, P. E., Artaxo, P., Maenhaut, W., et al. 2003a. Organic compounds present in the natural Amazonian aerosol: Characterization by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Geophys. Res. 108, 4766. DOI: 10.1029/2003JD003990
- Graham, B., Mayol-Bracero, O. L., Guyon, P., Roberts, G. C., Decesari, S., et al. 2002. Water-soluble organic compounds in biomass burning aerosols over Amazonia 1. Characterization by NMR and GC-MS. J. Geophys. Res. 107, LBA 14-1-LBA 14-16. DOI: 10.1029/2001JD000336
- Grant, L. D., and van den Heever, S. C. 2015. Cold pool and precipitation responses to aerosol loading: Modulation by dry layers. J. Atmos. Sci. 72, 1398–1408. DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-14-0260.1
- Grantham, H. S., Duncan, A., Evans, T. D., Jones, K. R., Beyer, H. L., et al. 2020. Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity. Nat. Commun. 11, 5978. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3
- Greenberg, J. P. 1999. Biogenic volatile organic compound emissions in central Africa during the Experiment for the Regional Sources and Sinks of Oxidants (EXPRESSO) biomass burning season. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 30659–71. DOI: 10.1029/1999JD900475
- Greenberg, J. P., Guenther, A. B., Pétron, G., Wiedinmyer, C., Vega, O., et al. 2004. Biogenic VOC emissions from forested Amazonian landscapes. Glob. Chang. Biol. 10, 651–62. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00758.x
- Gregory, P. H. 1978. Distribution of airborne pollen and spores and their long distance transport. Pure Appl. Geophys. PAGEOPH 116, 309–15. DOI: 10.1007/BF01636888
- Greve, P., Orlowsky, B., Mueller, B., Sheffield, J., Reichstein, M., et al. 2014. Global assessment of trends in wetting and drying over land. Nat. Geosci. 7, 716–21. DOI: 10.1038/ngeo2247
- Griscom, B. W., Adams, J., Ellis, P. W., Houghton, R. A., Lomax, G., et al. 2017. Natural climate solutions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 114, 11645–50. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1710465114
- Grote, R., Monson, R. K., and Niinemets, Ü. 2013.
Leaf-level models of constitutive and stress-driven volatile organic compound emissions, 315–355 , in Biology, Controls and Models of Tree Volatile Organic Compound Emissions, ed. U. Niinemets and R.K. Monson, Springer, 2013, ISBN 978-94-017-8384-2. DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6606-8 - Gryspeerdt, E., Stier, P., and Partridge, D. G. 2014. Links between satellite-retrieved aerosol and precipitation. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 14, 9677–94. DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-9677-2014
- Gryspeerdt, E., Stier, P., White, B. A., and Kipling, Z. 2015. Wet scavenging limits the detection of aerosol effects on precipitation. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 15, 7557–70. DOI: 10.5194/acp-15-7557-2015
- Gu, D., Guenther, A. B., Shilling, J. E., Yu, H., Huang, M., Zhao, C., et al. 2017. Airborne observations reveal elevational gradient in tropical forest isoprene emissions, Nat Commun, 8, 15541. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15541
- Gu, L., Baldocchi, D., Verma, S. B., Black, T. A., Vesala, T., et al. 2002. Advantages of diffuse radiation for terrestrial ecosystem productivity. J. Geophys. Res. 107, D6. DOI: 10.1029/2001JD001242
- Guenther, A. 1995. A global model of natural volatile organic compound emissions. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 8873–92. DOI: 10.1029/94JD02950
- Guenther, A. 1999. Isoprene emission estimates and uncertainties for the Central African EXPRESSO study domain. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 30625–39. DOI: 10.1029/1999JD900391
- Guenther, A. 2013. Biological and Chemical Diversity of Biogenic Volatile Organic Emissions into the Atmosphere. ISRN Atmos. Sci. 2013, 1–27. DOI: 10.1155/2013/786290
- Guenther, A. B., Jiang, X., Heald, C. L., Sakulyanontvittaya, T., Duhl, T., et al. 2012. The Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature version 2.1 (MEGAN2.1): an extended and updated framework for modeling biogenic emissions, Geosci. Model Dev., 5, 1471–1492. DOI: 10.5194/gmd-5-1471-2012
- Guenther, A., Karl, T., Harley, P., Wiedinmyer, C., Palmer, P. I., et al. 2006. Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature). Atmos. Chem. Phys. 6, 3181–3210. DOI: 10.5194/acp-6-3181-2006
- Guenther, A. B., Monson, R. K., and Fall, R. 1991. Isoprene and monoterpene emission rate variability: Observations with eucalyptus and emission rate algorithm development. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 10799. DOI: 10.1029/91JD00960
- Gunthe, S. S., King, S. M., Rose, D., Chen, Q., Roldin, P., et al. 2009. Cloud condensation nuclei in pristine tropical rainforest air of Amazonia: size-resolved measurements and modeling of atmospheric aerosol composition and CCN activity. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9, 7551–75. DOI: 10.5194/acp-9-7551-2009
- Haapanala, S., Ekberg, A., Hakola, H., Tarvainen, V., Rinne, J., et al. 2009. Mountain birch – Potentially large source of sesquiterpenes into high latitude atmosphere. Biogeosciences 6, 2709–18. DOI: 10.5194/bg-6-2709-2009
- Haapanala, S., Hakola, H., Hellén, H., Vestenius, M., Levula, J., et al. 2012. Is forest management a significant source of monoterpenes into the boreal atmosphere? Biogeosciences 9, 1291–1300. DOI: 10.5194/bg-9-1291-2012
- Haapanala, S., Rinne, J., Pystynen, K. H., Hellén, H., Hakola, H., et al. 2006. Measurements of hydrocarbon emissions from a boreal fen using the REA technique. Biogeosciences 3, 103–12. DOI: 10.5194/bg-3-103-2006
- Haghtalab, N., Moore, N., Heerspink, B. P., and Hyndman, D. W. 2020. Evaluating spatial patterns in precipitation trends across the Amazon basin driven by land cover and global scale forcings. Theor. Appl. Climatol. 140, 411–27. DOI: 10.1007/s00704-019-03085-3
- Häkkinen, S. A. K., Äijälä, M., Lehtipalo, K., Junninen, H., Backman, J., et al. 2012. Long-term volatility measurements of submicron atmospheric aerosol in Hyytiälä, Finland. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 12, 10771–86. DOI: 10.5194/acp-12-10771-2012
- Hakola, H., Hellén, H., Hemmilä, M., Rinne, J., and Kulmala, M. 2012. In situ measurements of volatile organic compounds in a boreal forest. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 12, 11665–78. DOI: 10.5194/acp-12-11665-2012
- Hakola, H., Laurila, T., Lindfors, V., Hellén, H., Gaman A. et al. 2001. Variation of the VOC emission rates of birch species during the growing season. Boreal Environ. Res., 6, 237–249.
- Hakola, H., Rinne, J., and Laurila, T. 1998. The hydrocarbon emission rates of tea-leafed willow (Salix phylicifolia), silver birch (Betula pendula) and European aspen (Populus tremula). Atmos. Environ. 32, 1825–33. DOI: 10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00482-2
- Hakola, H., Tarvainen, V., Bäck, J., Ranta, H., Bonn, B., et al. 2006. Seasonal variation of mono- and sesquiterpene emission rates of Scots pine. Biogeosciences 3, 93–101. DOI: 10.5194/bg-3-93-2006
- Hakola, H., Tarvainen, V., Laurila, T., Hiltunen, V., Hellén, H., et al. 2003. Seasonal variation of VOC concentrations above a boreal coniferous forest. Atmos. Environ. 37, 1623–34. DOI: 10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00014-1
- Hakola, H., Tarvainen, V., Praplan, A. P., Jaars, K., Hemmilä, M., et al. 2017. Terpenoid and carbonyl emissions from Norway spruce in Finland during the growing season. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 17, 3357–70. DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-3357-2017
- Hallquist, M., Wenger, J. C., Baltensperger, U., Rudich, Y., Simpson, D., et al. 2009. The formation, properties and impact of secondary organic aerosol: Current and emerging issues. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9, 5155–5236. DOI: 10.5194/acp-9-5155-2009
- Hämeri, K., Väkevä, M., Aalto, P. P., Kulmala, M., Swietlicki, E., et al. 2001. Hygroscopic and CCN properties of aerosol particles in boreal forests. Tellus B 53, 359–79. DOI: 10.3402/tellusb.v53i4.16609
- Hanes, C. C., Wang, X., Jain, P., Parisien, M. A., Little, J. M., et al. 2019. Fire-regime changes in canada over the last half century. Can. J. For. Res. 49, 256–69. DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2018-0293
- Hansen, J., Sato, M., and Ruedy, R. 1997. Radiative forcing and climate response. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 6831–64. DOI: 10.1029/96JD03436
- Hansen, M. C., Wang, L., Song, X. P., Tyukavina, A., Turubanova, S., et al. 2020. The fate of tropical forest fragments. Sci. Adv. 6. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax8574
- Hantson, S., Arneth, A., Harrison, S. P., Kelley, D. I., Prentice, I. C., et al. 2016. The status and challenge of global fire modelling. Biogeosciences, 13, 3359–3375. DOI: 10.5194/bg-13-3359-2016
- Hari, P. and Kulmala, M., 2005. Station for Measuring Ecosystem–Atmosphere Relations (SMEAR II). Bor. Env. Res., 10, 315–322.
- Harley, P., Vasconcellos, P., Vierling, L., Pinheiro, C. C. D., Greenberg, J., et al. Variation in potential for isoprene emissions among Neotropical forest sites. Glob. Change Biol., 10, 630–650, 2004. DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2003.00760.x
- Harris, Z. M., Spake, R., and Taylor, G. 2015. Land use change to bioenergy: A meta-analysis of soil carbon and GHG emissions. Biomass and Bioenergy. 82, 27–39. DOI: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.05.008
- Harrison, S. P., Marlon, J. R., and Bartlein, P. J. 2010. Fire in the Earth System. Chang. Clim. Earth Syst. Soc. 324, 21–48. DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-8716-4_3
- Heald, C. L., and Spracklen, D. V. 2009. Atmospheric budget of primary biological aerosol particles from fungal spores. Geophys. Res. Lett. 36. DOI: 10.1029/2009GL037493
- Healy, D. A., Huffman, J. A., O’Connor, D. J., Pöhlker, C., Pöschl, U., et al. 2014. Ambient measurements of biological aerosol particles near Killarney, Ireland: A comparison between real-time fluorescence and microscopy techniques. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 14, 8055–69. DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-8055-2014
- Heffernan, O. 2016. The mystery of the expanding tropics. Nature 530, 20–22. DOI: 10.1038/530020a
- Heikenfeld, M., White, B., Labbouz, L., and Stier, P. 2019. Aerosol effects on deep convection: The propagation of aerosol perturbations through convective cloud microphysics. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 19, 2601–27. DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-2601-2019
- Heikkinen, L., Äijälä, M., Riva, M., Luoma, K., Dällenbach, K., et al. 2020. Long-term sub-micrometer aerosol chemical composition in the boreal forest: Inter- And intra-annual variability. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 20, 3151–80. DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-3151-2020
- Heimann, M. 2002. The EUROSIBERIAN CARBONFLUX project. Tellus B 54, 417–19. DOI: 10.3402/tellusb.v54i5.16676
- Heimann, M. 2008. The Zotino Tall Tower Observatory (ZOTTO): A 300m tall tower for long-term atmospheric monitoring of biogeochemical changes in central Siberia, Geop. Res. Abstr. 10, 2156–2202. Ref-ID: 1607-7962/gra/EGU2008-A-10738.
- Heimann, M., Schulze, E.-D., Winderlich, J., Andreae, M. O., Chi, X., et al. 2014. The Zotino Tall Tower Observatory (ZOTTO): Quantifying large scale biogeochemical changes in Central Siberia. Nova Acta Leopold. 117, 51–64.
- Heinritzi, M., Dada, L., Simon, M., Stolzenburg, D., Wagner, A. C., et al. 2020. Molecular understanding of the suppression of new-particle formation by isoprene. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 20, 11809–21. DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-11809-2020
- Heintzenberg, J., and Birmili, W. 2010. Aerosols over the Siberian Forest: The ZOTTO project. J. Cryog. Soc. Japan 68, 5–8.
- Heintzenberg, J., Birmili, W., Otto, R., Andreae, M. O., Mayer, J.-C., et al. 2011. Aerosol particle number size distributions and particulate light absorption at the ZOTTO tall tower (Siberia), 2006–2009. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11, 8703–19. DOI: 10.5194/acp-11-8703-2011
- Heintzenberg, J., Birmili, W., Seifert, P., Panov, A., Chi, X., et al. 2013. Mapping the aerosol over Eurasia from the Zotino tall tower. Tellus B 65, 20062. DOI: 10.3402/tellusb.v65i0.20062
- Heintzenberg, J., Birmili, W., Theiss, D., and Kisilyakhov, Y. 2008. The atmospheric aerosol over Siberia, as seen from the 300 m ZOTTO tower. Tellus B 60 B, 276–85. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2007.00335.x
- Helin, A., Sietiö, O. M., Heinonsalo, J., Bäck, J., Riekkola, M. L., et al. 2017. Characterization of free amino acids, bacteria and fungi in size-segregated atmospheric aerosols in boreal forest: Seasonal patterns, abundances and size distributions. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 17, 13089–101. DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-13089-2017
- Hellén, H., Praplan, A. P., Tykkä, T., Ylivinkka, I., Vakkari, V., et al. 2018. Long-term measurements of volatile organic compounds highlight the importance of sesquiterpenes for the atmospheric chemistry of a boreal forest. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 18, 13839–63. DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-13839-2018
- Hess, L.L., Melack, J.M., Novo, E.M.L.M., Barbosa, C.C.F., Gastil, M. 2003. Dual-season mapping of wetland inundation and vegetation for the central Amazon basin. Remote Sens. Environ. DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2003.04.001
- Hewitt, C. N., Lee, J. D., MacKenzie, A. R., Barkley, M. P., Carslaw, N., et al. 2010. Overview: oxidant and particle photochemical processes above a south-east Asian tropical rainforest (the OP3 project): introduction, rationale, location characteristics and tools. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 169–99. DOI: 10.5194/acp-10-169-2010
- Hjelmroos, M. 1991. Evidence of long-distance transport of Betula pollen. Grana. 30, 215–228. DOI: 10.1080/00173139109427802
- Hodgson, A., Morgan, W., O’Shea, S., Bauguitte, S., Allan, J., et al. 2017a. Near-field emission profiling of Rainforest and Cerrado fires in Brazil during SAMBBA 2012. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 87, 1–33. DOI: 10.5194/acp-2016-1019
- Hoesly, R. M., Smith, S. J., Feng, L., Klimont, Z., Janssens-Maenhout, G., et al. 2018. Historical (1750–2014) anthropogenic emissions of reactive gases and aerosols from the Community Emissions Data System (CEDS). Geosci. Model Dev. 11, 369–408. DOI: 10.5194/gmd-11-369-2018
- Hoffmann, A. A., Hallas, R. J., Dean, J. A., and Schiffer, M. 2003. Low potential for climatic stress adaptation in a rainforest Drosophila species. Science 301, 100–102. DOI: 10.1126/science.1084296
- Holanda, B. A., Pöhlker, M. L., Walter, D., Saturno, J., Sörgel, M., et al. 2020. Influx of African biomass burning aerosol during the Amazonian dry season through layered transatlantic transport of black carbon-rich smoke. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 20, 4757–85. DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-4757-2020
- Holland, M. M., and Bitz, C. M. 2003. Polar amplification of climate change in coupled models. Clim. Dyn. 21, 221–32. DOI: 10.1007/s00382-003-0332-6
- Holst, T., Arneth, A., Hayward, S., Ekberg, A., Mastepanov, M., et al. 2010. BVOC ecosystem flux measurements at a high latitude wetland site. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 1617–34. DOI: 10.5194/acp-10-1617-2010
- Hong, J., Äijälä, M., Häme, S. A. K., Hao, L., Duplissy, J., et al. 2017. Estimates of the organic aerosol volatility in a boreal forest using two independent methods. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 17, 4387–99. DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-4387-2017
- Hong, J., Häkkinen, S. A. K., Paramonov, M., Äijälä, M., Hakala, J., et al. 2014. Hygroscopicity, CCN and volatility properties of submicron atmospheric aerosol in a boreal forest environment during the summer of 2010. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 14, 4733–48. DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-4733-2014
- Hong, J., Kim, J., Nieminen, T., Duplissy, J., Ehn, M., et al. 2015. Relating the hygroscopic properties of submicron aerosol to both gas- and particle-phase chemical composition in a boreal forest environment. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 15, 11999–9. DOI: 10.5194/acp-15-11999-2015
- Hoppel, W. A., Frick, G. M., and Larson, R. E. 1986. Effect of nonprecipitating clouds on the aerosol size distribution in the marine boundary layer. Geophys. Res. Lett. 13, 125–28. DOI: 10.1029/GL013i002p00125
- Horel, J. D., Hahmann, A. N., and Geisler, J. E. 1989. An investigation of the Annual Cycle of Convective Activity over the Tropical Americas. J. Clim. 2, 1388–1403. DOI: 10.1175/1520-0442(1989)002<;1388:AIOTAC>2.0.CO;2
- Hu, W. W., Campuzano-Jost, P., Palm, B. B., Day, D. A., Ortega, A. M., et al. 2015. Characterization of a real-time tracer for isoprene epoxydiols-derived secondary organic aerosol (IEPOX-SOA) from aerosol mass spectrometer measurements. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 15, 11807–33. DOI: 10.5194/acp-15-11807-2015
- Hubau, W., Lewis, S. L., Phillips, O. L., Affum-Baffoe, K., Beeckman, H., et al. 2020. Asynchronous carbon sink saturation in African and Amazonian tropical forests. Nature 579, 80–87. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2035-0
- Huffman, J. A., Perring, A. E., Savage, N. J., Clot, B., Crouzy, B., et al. 2019. Real-time sensing of bioaerosols: Review and current perspectives. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 54, 465–95. DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2019.1664724
- Huffman, J. A., Perring, A. E., Savage, N. J., Clot, B., Crouzy, B., et al. 2020. Real-time sensing of bioaerosols: Review and current perspectives. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 54, 465–95. DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2019.1664724
- Huffman, J. A., Prenni, A. J., Demott, P. J., Pöhlker, C., Mason, R. H., et al. 2013. High concentrations of biological aerosol particles and ice nuclei during and after rain. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 13, 6151–64. DOI: 10.5194/acp-13-6151-2013
- Huffman, J. A., Sinha, B., Garland, R. M., Snee-Pollmann, A., Gunthe, S. S., et al. 2012. Size distributions and temporal variations of biological aerosol particles in the Amazon rainforest characterized by microscopy and real-time UV-APS fluorescence techniques during AMAZE-08. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 12, 11997–19. DOI: 10.5194/acp-12-11997-2012
- Huffman, J. A., Treutlein, B., and Pöschl, U. 2010. Fluorescent biological aerosol particle concentrations and size distributions measured with an Ultraviolet Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (UV-APS) in Central Europe. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 3215–33. DOI: 10.5194/acp-10-3215-2010
- Huijnen, V., Wooster, M. J., Kaiser, J. W., Gaveau, D. L., Flemming, J., et al. 2016. Fire carbon emissions over maritime southeast Asia in 2015 largest since 1997. Sci. Rep. 6, 1–8. DOI: 10.1038/srep26886
- Hurrell, J. W. 1995. Decadal trends in the North Atlantic oscillation: Regional temperatures and precipitation. Science 269, 676–79. DOI: 10.1126/science.269.5224.676
- Hussein, T., Norros, V., Hakala, J., Petäjä, T., Aalto, P. P., et al. 2013. Species traits and inertial deposition of fungal spores. J. Aerosol Sci. 61, 81–98. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2013.03.004
- Hüve, K., Christ, M. M., Kleist, E., Uerlings, R., Niinemets, Ü., et al. 2007. Simultaneous growth and emission measurements demonstrate an interactive control of methanol release by leaf expansion and stomata. J. Exp. Bot. 58, 1783–93. DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erm038
- Hyvärinen, A. P., Raatikainen, T., Komppula, M., Mielonen, T., Sundström, A. M., et al. 2011. Effect of the summer monsoon on aerosols at two measurement stations in Northern India-Part 2: Physical and optical properties. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11, 8283–94. DOI: 10.5194/acp-11-8283-2011
- IPBES (2019):
Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services . S. Díaz, J. Settele, E. S. Brondízio, H. T. Ngo, M. Guèze, J. Agard, A. Arneth, P. Balvanera, K. A. Brauman, S. H. M. Butchart, K. M. A. Chan, L. A. Garibaldi, K. Ichii, J. Liu, S. M. Subramanian, G. F. Midgley, P. Miloslavich, Z. Molnár, D. Obura, A. Pfaff, S. Polasky, A. Purvis, J. Razzaque, B. Reyers, R. Roy Chowdhury, Y. J. Shin, I. J. Visseren-Hamakers, K. J. Willis, and C. N. Zayas (eds.). IPBES secretariat, Bonn, Germany. 56 pages. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3553579 - IPCC, 2013:
Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis . Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1535 pp. - IPCC, 2014:
Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report . Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151 pp. - IPCC, 2018:
Summary for Policymakers . In: Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J.B.R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M.I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, and T. Waterfield (eds.)]. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 32 pp. - IPCC, 2019:
Summary for Policymakers . In: Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, E. Calvo Buendia, V. Masson-Delmotte, H.- O. Pörtner, D. C. Roberts, P. Zhai, R. Slade, S. Connors, R. van Diemen, M. Ferrat, E. Haughey, S. Luz, S. Neogi, M. Pathak, J. Petzold, J. Portugal Pereira, P. Vyas, E. Huntley, K. Kissick, M. Belkacemi, J. Malley, (eds.)]. - IPCC, 2021:
Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis . Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press. - Irwin, M., Robinson, N., Allan, J. D., Coe, H., and McFiggans, G. 2011. Size-resolved aerosol water uptake and cloud condensation nuclei measurements as measured above a Southeast Asian rainforest during OP3. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11, 11157–11174. DOI: 10.5194/acp-11-11157-2011
- Isidorov, V. A., Zenkevich, I. G., and Ioffe, B. V. 1985. Volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere of forests. Atmos. Environ. 19, 1–8. DOI: 10.1016/0004-6981(85)90131-3
- Jäkel, E., Wendisch, M., Krisna, T. C., Ewald, F., Kölling, T., et al. 2017. Vertical distribution of the particle phase in tropical deep convective clouds as derived from cloud-side reflected solar radiation measurements. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 17, 9049–66. DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-9049-2017
- Janson, R., De Serves, C., and Romero, R. 1999. Emission of isoprene and carbonyl compounds from a boreal forest and wetland in Sweden. Agric. For. Meteorol. 98–99, 671–81. DOI: 10.1016/S0168-1923(99)00134-3
- Janson, R. W. 1993. Monoterpene emissions from Scots pine and Norwegian spruce. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 2839–50. DOI: 10.1029/92JD02394
- Jardine, A. B., Jardine, K. J., Fuentes, J. D., Martin, S. T., Martins, G., et al. 2015b. Highly reactive light-dependent monoterpenes in the Amazon. Geophys. Res. Lett. 42, 1576–83. DOI: 10.1002/2014GL062573
- Jardine, K., Chambers, J., Alves, E. G., Teixeira, A., Garcia, S., et al. 2014. Dynamic balancing of isoprene carbon sources reflects photosynthetic and photorespiratory responses to temperature stress. Plant Physiol. 166, 2051–64. DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.247494
- Jardine, K. J., Chambers, J. Q., Holm, J., Jardine, A. B., Fontes, C. G., et al. 2015a. Green leaf volatile emissions during high temperature and drought stress in a central Amazon rainforest. Plants 4, 678–90. DOI: 10.3390/plants4030678
- Jardine, K. J., Jardine, A. B., Holm, J. A., Lombardozzi, D. L., Negron-Juarez, R. I., et al. 2017. Monoterpene “thermometer” of tropical forest-atmosphere response to climate warming. Plant Cell Environ. 40, 441–52. DOI: 10.1111/pce.12879
- Jardine, K., Yañez Serrano, A., Arneth, A., Abrell, L., Jardine, A., Artaxo, P., et al. 2011a. Ecosystem-scale compensation points of formic and acetic acid in the central Amazon. Biogeosciences 8, 3709–20. DOI: 10.5194/bg-8-3709-2011
- Jardine, K., Yañez Serrano, A., Arneth, A., Abrell, L., Jardine, A., Van Haren, J., et al. 2011b. Within-canopy sesquiterpene ozonolysis in Amazonia. J. Geophys. Res. 116. DOI: 10.1029/2011JD016243
- Jepsen, S. M., Molotch, N. P., Williams, M. W., Rittger, K. E., and Sickman, J. O. 2012. Interannual variability of snowmelt in the Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains, United States: Examples from two alpine watersheds. Water Resour. Res. 48, 2. DOI: 10.1029/2011WR011006
- Jia, G., Shevliakova, E., Artaxo, P., de Noblet-Ducoudré, N., Houghton, R., House, J., … Verchot, L. (2019).
Land–climate interactions . In T. F. Stocker, D. Qin, G. -K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S. K. Allen, J. Boschung, P. M. Midgley (Eds.), Climate change and land: An IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems (pp. 571–657). Cambridge, UK; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. - Jiang, H., Xue, H., Teller, A., Feingold, G., and Levin, Z. 2006. Aerosol effects on the lifetime of shallow cumulus. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, L14806. DOI: 10.1029/2006GL026024
- Jimenez, J. L., Canagaratna, M. R., Donahue, N. M., Prevot, A. S. H., Zhang, Q., et al. 2009. Evolution of Organic Aerosols in the Atmosphere. Science 326, 1525–29. DOI: 10.1126/science.1180353
- Johansson, V., Lönnell, N., Rannik, Ü., Sundberg, S., and Hylander, K. 2016. Air humidity thresholds trigger active moss spore release to extend dispersal in space and time. Funct. Ecol. 30, 1196–1204. DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12606
- Johansson, V., Lönnell, N., Sundberg, S., and Hylander, K. 2014. Release thresholds for moss spores: The importance of turbulence and sporophyte length. J. Ecol. 102, 721–29. DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.12245
- Johnson, B. T., Shine, K. P., and Forster, P. M. 2004. The semi-direct aerosol effect: Impact of absorbing aerosols on marine stratocumulus. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 130, 1407–22. DOI: 10.1256/qj.03.61
- Jolleys, M. D., Coe, H., McFiggans, G., Taylor, J. W., O’Shea, S. J., et al. 2015. Properties and evolution of biomass burning organic aerosol from Canadian boreal forest fires. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 15, 3077–95. DOI: 10.5194/acp-15-3077-2015
- Jolly, W. M., Cochrane, M. A., Freeborn, P. H., Holden, Z. A., Brown, T. J., et al. 2015. Climate-induced variations in global wildfire danger from 1979 to 2013. Nat. Commun. 6. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8537
- Jones, A. M., and Harrison, R. M. 2004. The effects of meteorological factors on atmospheric bioaerosol concentrations – A review. Sci. Total Environ. 326, 151–80. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2003.11.021
- Joung, Y. S., Ge, Z., and Buie, C. R. 2017. Bioaerosol generation by raindrops on soil. Nat. Commun. 8. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14668
- Jung, M., Reichstein, M., Ciais, P., Seneviratne, S. I., Sheffield, J., et al. 2010. Recent decline in the global land evapotranspiration trend due to limited moisture supply. Nature 467, 951–54. DOI: 10.1038/nature09396
- Jung, M., Reichstein, M., Margolis, H. A., Cescatti, A., Richardson, A. D., et al. 2011. Global patterns of land-atmosphere fluxes of carbon dioxide, latent heat, and sensible heat derived from eddy covariance, satellite, and meteorological observations. J. Geophys. Res. 116, 1–16. DOI: 10.1029/2010JG001566
- Jurányi, Z., Gysel, M., Duplissy, J., Weingartner, E., Tritscher, T., et al. 2009. Influence of gas-to-particle partitioning on the hygroscopic and droplet activation behaviour of α-pinene secondary organic aerosol. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 11, 8091–97. DOI: 10.1039/b904162a
- Juuti, S., Arey, J., and Atkinson, R. 1990. Monoterpene emission rate measurements from a Monterey pine. J. Geophys. Res. 95, 7515. DOI: 10.1029/JD095iD06p07515
- Kajos, M. K., Hakola, H., Holst, T., Nieminen, T., Tarvainen, V., et al. 2013. Terpenoid emissions from fully grown east Siberian Larix cajanderi trees. Biogeosciences 10, 4705–19. DOI: 10.5194/bg-10-4705-2013
- Kanawade, V. P., Jobson, B. T., Guenther, A. B., Erupe, M. E., Pressley, S. N., et al. 2011. Isoprene suppression of new particle formation in a mixed deciduous forest. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11, 6013–27. DOI: 10.5194/acp-11-6013-2011
- Karl, T., Guenther, A., Turnipseed, A., Tyndall, G., Artaxo, P., et al. 2009. Rapid formation of isoprene photo-oxidation products observed in Amazonia. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9, 7753–67. DOI: 10.5194/acp-9-7753-2009
- Karl, T., Guenther, A., Yokelson, R. J., Greenberg, J., Potosnak, M., et al. 2007. The tropical forest and fire emissions experiment: Emission, chemistry, and transport of biogenic volatile organic compounds in the lower atmosphere over Amazonia. J. Geophys Res. 112, 1–17. DOI: 10.1029/2007JD008539
- Karl, T., Potosnak, M., Guenther, A., Clark, D., Walker, J., et al. 2004. Exchange processes of volatile organic compounds above a tropical rain forest: Implications for modeling tropospheric chemistry above dense vegetation. J. Geophys. Res. 109, 1–19. DOI: 10.1029/2004JD004738
- Karlsson, P. E., Tang, L., Sundberg, J., Chen, D., Lindskog, A., et al. 2007. Increasing risk for negative ozone impacts on vegetation in northern Sweden. Environ. Pollut. 150, 96–106. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.06.016
- Keeling, R. F., Graven, H. D., Welp, L. R., Resplandy, L., Bi, J., et al. 2017. Atmospheric evidence for a global secular increase in carbon isotopic discrimination of land photosynthesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 114, 10361–66. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1619240114
- Keller, M., Alencar, A., Asner, G. P., Braswell, B., Bustamante, M., et al. 2004. Ecological research in the Large-scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia: Early results. Ecol. Appl. 14. DOI: 10.1890/03-6003
- Keller, M., and Lerdau, M. 1999. Isoprene emission from tropical forest canopy leaves. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 13, 19–29. DOI: 10.1029/1998GB900007
- Kenseth, C. M., Huang, Y., Zhao, R., Dalleska, N. F., Caleb Hethcox, J., et al. 2018. Synergistic O3 + OH oxidation pathway to extremely low-volatility dimers revealed in β-pinene secondary organic aerosol. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 115, 8301–6. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1804671115
- Keppler, F., Hamilton, J. T. G., Braß, M., and Röckmann, T. 2006. Methane emissions from terrestrial plants under aerobic conditions. Nature 439, 187–91. DOI: 10.1038/nature04420
- Kerminen, V. M., Chen, X., Vakkari, V., Petäjä, T., Kulmala, M., et al. 2018. Atmospheric new particle formation and growth: Review of field observations. Environ. Res. Lett. 13, 1–38. DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/aadf3c
- Kerminen, V. M., Lihavainen, H., Komppula, M., Viisanen, Y., and Kulmala, M. 2005. Direct observational evidence linking atmospheric aerosol formation and cloud droplet activation. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32, 1–4. DOI: 10.1029/2005GL023130
- Kerminen, V. M., Paramonov, M., Anttila, T., Riipinen, I., Fountoukis, C., et al. 2012. Cloud condensation nuclei production associated with atmospheric nucleation: A synthesis based on existing literature and new results. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 12, 12037–59. DOI: 10.5194/acp-12-12037-2012
- Kesselmeier, J., Kuhn, U., Wolf, A., Andreae, M. O., Ciccioli, P., et al. 2000. Atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOC) at a remote tropical forest site in central Amazonia. Atmos. Environ. 34, 4063–72. DOI: 10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00186-2
- Khain, A., Rosenfeld, D., and Pokrovsky, A. 2005. Aerosol impact on the dynamics and microphysics of deep convective clouds. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 131, 2639–63. DOI: 10.1256/qj.04.62
- Khairoutdinov, M., and Kogan, Y. 2000. A new cloud physics parameterization in a large-eddy simulation model of marine stratocumulus. Mon. Weather Rev. 128, 229–43. DOI: 10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<;0229:ANCPPI>2.0.CO;2
- Kilkki, J., Aalto, T., Hatakka, J., Portin, H., and Laurila, T. 2015. Atmospheric CO2 observations at Finnish urban and rural sites. Boreal Environ. Res. 20, 227–42.
- Kipling, Z., Stier, P., Labbouz, L., and Wagner, T. 2017. Dynamic subgrid heterogeneity of convective cloud in a global model: Description and evaluation of the Convective Cloud Field Model (CCFM) in ECHAM6-HAM2. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 17, 327–42. DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-327-2017
- Kirchhoff, V. W. J. H., Da Silva, I. M. O., and Browell, E. V. 1990. Ozone measurements in Amazonia: dry season versus wet season. J. Geophys. Res. 95. DOI: 10.1029/JD095iD10p16913
- Kirkby, J., Duplissy, J., Sengupta, K., Frege, C., Gordon, H., et al. 2016. Ion-induced nucleation of pure biogenic particles. Nature 533, 521–26. DOI: 10.1038/nature17953
- Kljun, N., Black, T. A., Griffis, T. J., Barr, A. G., Gaumont-Guay, D., et al. 2007. Response of net ecosystem productivity of three boreal forest stands to drought. Ecosystems 10, 1039–55. DOI: 10.1007/s10021-007-9088-x
- Knorr, W., Arneth, A., and Jiang, L. 2016. Demographic controls of future global fire risk. Nat. Clim. Chang. 6, 781–85. DOI: 10.1038/nclimate2999
- Koch, D., and Del Genio, A. D. 2010. Black carbon semi-direct effects on cloud cover: Review and synthesis. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 7685–96. DOI: 10.5194/acp-10-7685-2010
- Köhl, M., Lasco, R., Cifuentes, M., Jonsson, Ö., Korhonen, K. T., et al. 2015. Changes in forest production, biomass and carbon: Results from the 2015 UN FAO Global Forest Resource Assessment. For. Ecol. Manage. 352, 21–34. DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2015.05.036
- Köhler, H. 1936. The nucleus in and the growth of hygroscopic droplets. Trans. Faraday Soc. 32, 1152–61. DOI: 10.1039/TF9363201152
- Kolmonen, P., Sogacheva, L., Virtanen, T. H., de Leeuw, G., and Kulmala, M. 2016. The ADV/ASV AATSR aerosol retrieval algorithm: current status and presentation of a full-mission AOD dataset. Int. J. Digit. Earth 9, 545–61. DOI: 10.1080/17538947.2015.1111450
- Komppula, M., Sihto, S. L., Korhonen, H., Lihavainen, H., Kerminen, V. M., et al. 2006. New particle formation in air mass transported between two measurement sites in Northern Finland. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 6, 2811–24. DOI: 10.5194/acp-6-2811-2006
- Köppen, W. 1884. Die Wärmezonen der Erde, nach der Dauer der heissen, gemässigten und kalten Zeit und nach der Wirkung der Wärme auf die organische Welt betrachtet. Meteorol. Zeitschrift 215–26.
- Koren, I., Kaufman, Y. J., Remer, L. A., and Martins, J. V. 2004. Measurement of the Effect of Amazon Smoke on Inhibition of Cloud Formation. Science 303, 1342–45. DOI: 10.1126/science.1089424
- Kortelainen, A., Hao, L., Tiitta, P., Jaatinen, A., Miettinen, P., et al. 2017. Sources of particulate organic nitrates in the boreal forest in Finland. Boreal Environ. Res. 22, 13–26.
- Köster, E., Köster, K., Berninger, F., Aaltonen, H., Zhou, X., et al. 2017. Carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide fluxes from a fire chronosequence in subarctic boreal forests of Canada. Sci. Total Environ. 601–602, 895–905. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.246
- Kourtchev, I., Fuller, S., Aalto, J., Ruuskanen, T. M., McLeod, M. W., et al. 2013. Molecular composition of boreal forest aerosol from Hyytiälä, Finland, using ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry. Environ. Sci. Technol. 47, 4069–79. DOI: 10.1021/es3051636
- Kourtchev, I., Giorio, C., Manninen, A., Wilson, E., Mahon, B., et al. 2016. Enhanced volatile organic compounds emissions and organic aerosol mass increase the oligomer content of atmospheric aerosols. Sci. Rep. 6. DOI: 10.1038/srep35038
- Kourtchev, I., Ruuskanen, T., Maenhaut, W., Kulmala, M., and Claeys, M. 2005. Observation of 2-methyltetrols and related photo-oxidation products of isoprene in boreal forest aerosols from Hyytiälä, Finland. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 5, 2761–70. DOI: 10.5194/acp-5-2761-2005
- Kousky, V. E., and Gan, M. A. 1981. Upper tropospheric cyclonic vortices in the tropical South Atlantic. Tellus 33, 538–51. DOI: 10.3402/tellusa.v33i6.10775
- Kozii, N., Laudon, H., Ottosson-Löfvenius, M., and Hasselquist, N. J. 2017. Increasing water losses from snow captured in the canopy of boreal forests: A case study using a 30 year data set. Hydrol. Process. 31, 3558–67. DOI: 10.1002/hyp.11277
- Kozlova, E. A., and Manning, A. C. 2009. Methodology and calibration for continuous measurements of biogeochemical trace gas and O2 concentrations from a 300-m tall tower in central Siberia. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 2, 205–20. DOI: 10.5194/amt-2-205-2009
- Kozlova, E. A., Manning, A. C., Kisilyakhov, Y., Seifert, T., and Heimann, M. 2008. Seasonal, synoptic, and diurnal-scale variability of biogeochemical trace gases and O2 from a 300-m tall tower in central Siberia. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 22. DOI: 10.1029/2008GB003209
- Krawchuk, M. A., and Moritz, M. A. 2011. Constraints on global fire activity vary across a resource gradient. Ecology 92, 121–32. DOI: 10.1890/09-1843.1
- Krejci, R., Ström, J., de Reus, M., Hoor, P., Williams, J., et al. 2003. Evolution of aerosol properties over the rain forest in Surinam, South America, observed from aircraft during the LBA-CLAIRE 98 experiment. J. Geophys. Res. 108, 4561. DOI: 10.1029/2001JD001375
- Krejci, R., Ström, J., de Reus, M., Williams, J., Fischer, H., et al. 2005. Spatial and temporal distribution of atmospheric aerosols in the lowermost troposphere over the Amazonian tropical rainforest. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 5, 1527–43. DOI: 10.5194/acp-5-1527-2005
- Kristensson, A., Dal Maso, M., Swietlicki, E., Hussein, T., Zhou, J., et al. 2008. Characterization of new particle formation events at a background site in southern Sweden: Relation to air mass history. Tellus B 60 B, 330–44. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00345.x
- Kuhn, U., Ganzeveld, L., Thielmann, A., Dindorf, T., Schebeske, G., et al. 2010. Impact of Manaus City on the Amazon Green Ocean atmosphere: ozone production, precursor sensitivity and aerosol load. Atmos. Chem. Phys 10, 9251–82. DOI: 10.5194/acp-10-9251-2010
- Kuhn, U., Rottenberger, S., Biesenthal, T., Wolf, A., Schebeske, G., et al. 2002. Isoprene and monoterpene emissions of Amazonian tree species during the wet season: Direct and indirect investigations on controlling environmental functions. J. Geophys. Res. 107, LBA 38-1-LBA 38–13. DOI: 10.1029/2001JD000978
- Kulmala, M., Asmi, A., Lappalainen, H. K., Baltensperger, U., Brenguier, J. L., et al. 2011. General overview: European Integrated project on Aerosol Cloud Climate and Air Quality interactions (EUCAARI)-integrating aerosol research from nano to global scales. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11, 13061–143. DOI: 10.5194/acp-11-13061-2011
- Kulmala, M., Hämeri, K., Aalto, P. P., Mäkelä, J. M., Pirjola, L., et al. 2001. Overview of the international project on biogenic aerosol formation in the boreal forest (BIOFOR). Tellus B 53, 324–43. DOI: 10.3402/tellusb.v53i4.16601
- Kulmala, M., Kontkanen, J., Junninen, H., Lehtipalo, K., Manninen, H. E., et al. 2013a. Direct observations of atmospheric aerosol nucleation. Science 339, 943–46. DOI: 10.1126/science.1227385
- Kulmala, M., Nieminen, T., Chellapermal, R., Makkonen, R., Bäck, J., et al. 2013b. Climate Feedbacks Linking the Increasing Atmospheric CO2 Concentration, BVOC Emissions, Aerosols and Clouds in Forest Ecosystems. Pp. 489–508. DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6606-8_17
- Kulmala, Markku, Nieminen, T., Nikandrova, A., Lehtipalo, K., Manninen, H. E., et al. 2014a. CO2-induced terrestrial climate feedback mechanism: From carbon sink to aerosol source and back. Boreal Environ. Res. 19, 122–31.
- Kulmala, M., Petäjä, T., Ehn, M., Thornton, J., Sipilä, M., et al. 2014b. Chemistry of atmospheric nucleation: On the recent advances on precursor characterization and atmospheric cluster composition in connection with atmospheric new particle formation. Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 65, 21–37. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-040412-110014
- Kulmala, M., Reissell, A., Sipilä, M., Bonn, B., Ruuskanen, T. M., et al. 2006. Deep convective clouds as aerosol production engines: Role of insoluble organics. J. Geophys. Res. 111, D17202. DOI: 10.1029/2005JD006963
- Kulmala, M., Suni, T., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Dal Maso, M., Boy, M., et al. 2004a. A new feedback mechanism linking forests, aerosols, and climate. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 4, 557–62. DOI: 10.5194/acp-4-557-2004
- Kulmala, M., Vehkamäki, H., Petäjä, T., Dal Maso, M., Lauri, A., et al. 2004b. Formation and growth rates of ultrafine atmospheric particles: A review of observations. J. Aerosol Sci. 35, 143–76. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2003.10.003
- Kurbatova, J., Arneth, A., Vygodskaya, N. N., Kolle, O., Varlargin, A. V., et al. 2002. Comparative ecosystem–atmosphere exchange of energy and mass in a European Russian and a central Siberian bog I. Interseasonal and interannual variability of energy and latent heat fluxes during the snowfree period. Tellus B 54, 497–513. DOI: 10.3402/tellusb.v54i5.16683
- Kurtén, T., Kulmala, M., Dal Maso, M., Suni, T., Reissell, A., et al. 2003. Estimation of different forest-related contributions to the radiative balance using observations in southern Finland. Boreal Environ. Res. 8, 275–85.
- Kyrö, E. M., Väänänen, R., Kerminen, V. M., Virkkula, A., Petäjä, T., et al. 2014. Trends in new particle formation in eastern Lapland, Finland: Effect of decreasing sulfur emissions from Kola Peninsula. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 14, 4383–96. DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-4383-2014
- Labbouz, L., Kipling, Z., Stier, P., and Protat, A. 2018. How well can we represent the spectrum of convective clouds in a climate model? Comparisons between internal parameterization variables and radar observations. J. Atmos. Sci. 75, 1509–24. DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-17-0191.1
- Lamarque, J. F., Bond, T. C., Eyring, V., Granier, C., Heil, A., et al. 2010. Historical (1850–2000) gridded anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions of reactive gases and aerosols: Methodology and application. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 7017–39. DOI: 10.5194/acp-10-7017-2010
- Lambe, A. T., Onasch, T. B., Massoli, P., Croasdale, D. R., Wright, J. P., et al. 2011. Laboratory studies of the chemical composition and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and oxidized primary organic aerosol (OPOA). Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11, 8913–28. DOI: 10.5194/acp-11-8913-2011
- Lambin, E. F., Geist, H. J., and Lepers, E. 2003. Dynamics of land-use and land-cover change in tropical regions. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 28, 205–41. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.energy.28.050302.105459
- Lapola, D. M. 2018. Bytes and boots to understand the future of the Amazon forest. New Phytol. 219, 845–47. DOI: 10.1111/nph.15342
- Lappalainen, H. K., Kerminen, V. M., Petäjä, T., Kurten, T., Baklanov, A., et al. 2016. Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX): Towards a holistic understanding of the feedbacks and interactions in the land-Atmosphere-ocean-society continuum in the northern Eurasian region. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 16, 14421–61. DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-14421-2016
- Larsen, J.A., 1980.
The Boreal Ecosystem. Physiological ecology . Academic Press, New York, ISBN: 9781483269870, pp. 516. - Laurila, T., Hakola, H., and Lindfors, V. 1999. Biogenic VOCs in continental Northern Europe-concentrations and Photochemistry. Phys. Chem. Earth, Part B Hydrol. Ocean. Atmos. 24, 689–93. DOI: 10.1016/S1464-1909(99)00066-0
- Law, B. E., Goldstein, A. H., Anthoni, P. M., Unsworth, M. H., Panek, J. A., et al. 2001. Carbon dioxide and water vapor exchange by young and old ponderosa pine ecosystems during a dry summer. Tree Physiol. 21, 299–308. DOI: 10.1093/treephys/21.5.299
- Law, B.E., T. Arkebauer, J.L. Campbell, J. Chen et al., 2008.
Terrestrial Carbon Observations: Protocols for Vegetation Sampling and Data Submission , Global Terrestrial Observing System, Rome, Italy. Available athttp://www.fao.org/gtos/ . - Le Quéré, C., Andrew, R. M., Canadell, J. G., Sitch, S., Ivar Korsbakken, J., et al. 2016. Global Carbon Budget 2016. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 8, 605–49. DOI: 10.5194/essd-8-605-2016
- Le Quéré, C., Andrew, R., Friedlingstein, P., Sitch, S., Hauck, J., et al. 2018. Global Carbon Budget 2018. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 10, 2141–94. DOI: 10.5194/essd-10-2141-2018
- Lee, A. K. Y., Abbatt, J. P. D., Leaitch, W. R., Li, S. M., Sjostedt, S. J., et al. 2016. Substantial secondary organic aerosol formation in a coniferous forest: Observations of both day- and nighttime chemistry. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 16, 6721–33. DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-6721-2016
- Lee, B. H., Lopez-Hilfiker, F. D., D’Ambro, E. L., Zhou, P., Boy, M., et al. 2018. Semi-volatile and highly oxygenated gaseous and particulate organic compounds observed above a boreal forest canopy. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 18, 11547–62. DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-11547-2018
- Lee, J., Morrison, I. K., Leblanc, J. D., Dumas, M. T., and Cameron, D. A. 2002. Carbon sequestration in trees and regrowth vegetation as affected by clearcut and partial cut harvesting in a second-growth boreal mixedwood. For. Ecol. Manage. 169, 83–101. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-1127(02)00300-6
- Lee, S.-H. 2003. Particle Formation by Ion Nucleation in the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere. Science 301, 1886–89. DOI: 10.1126/science.1087236
- Lee, S.-H. 2004. New particle formation observed in the tropical/subtropical cirrus clouds. J. Geophys. Res. 109, D20209. DOI: 10.1029/2004JD005033
- Lehmann, J., and Coumou, D. 2015. The influence of mid-latitude storm tracks on hot, cold, dry and wet extremes. Sci. Rep. 5, 1–9. DOI: 10.1038/srep17491
- Lehtinen, K. E. J., Korhonen, H., Dal Maso, M., and Kulmala, M. 2003. On the concept of condensation sink diameter. Boreal Environ. Res. 8, 405–11.
- Lehtinen, K. E. J., Rannik, Ü., Petäjä, T., Kulmala, M., and Hari, P. 2004. Nucleation rate and vapor concentration estimations using a least squares aerosol dynamics method. J. Geophys. Res. 109, 1–5. DOI: 10.1029/2004JD004893
- Lehtipalo, K., Yan, C., Dada, L., Bianchi, F., Xiao, M., et al. 2018. Multicomponent new particle formation from sulfuric acid, ammonia, and biogenic vapors. Sci. Adv. 4, 1–9. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau5363
- Leino, K., Lampilahti, J., Poutanen, P., Väänänen, R., Manninen, A., et al. 2019. Vertical profiles of sub-3nm particles over the boreal forest. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 19, 2127–38. DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-4127-2019
- Leino, K., Riuttanen, L., Nieminen, T., Väänänen, R., Pohja, T., et al. 2014. Biomass-burning smoke episodes in Finland from eastern European wildfires. Boreal Environ. Res. 19, 275–92.
- Lelieveld, J., Butler, T. M., Crowley, J. N., Dillon, T. J., Fischer, H., et al. 2008. Atmospheric oxidation capacity sustained by a tropical forest. Nature 452, 737–40. DOI: 10.1038/nature06870
- Lenton, T. M., Held, H., Kriegler, E., Hall, J. W., Lucht, W., et al. 2008. Tipping elements in the Earth’s climate system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 105, 1786–93. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0705414105
- Levin, I., Ciais, P., Langenfelds, R., Schmidt, M., Ramonet, M., et al. 2002. Three years of trace gas observations over the EuroSiberian domain derived from aircraft sampling — a concerted action. Tellus B 54, 696–712. DOI: 10.3402/tellusb.v54i5.16717
- Lewis, S. L. 2006. Tropical forests and the changing earth system. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 361, 195–210. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2005.1711
- Li, W., Fu, R., Juárez, R. I. N., and Fernandes, K. 2008.
Observed change of the standardized precipitation index, its potential cause and implications to future climate change in the Amazon region . Pp. 1767–72 in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. Vol. 363. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2007.0022 - Liao, L., dal Maso, M., Taipale, R., Rinne, J., Ehn, M., et al. 2011. Monoterpene pollution episodes in a forest environment: Indication of anthropogenic origin and association with aerosol particles. Boreal Environ. Res. 16, 288–303.
- Liao, L., Kerminen, V. M., Boy, M., Kulmala, M., and Dal Maso, M. 2014. Temperature influence on the natural aerosol budget over boreal forests. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 14, 8295–8308. DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-8295-2014
- Lihavainen, H., Asmi, E., Aaltonen, V., Makkonen, U., and Kerminen, V. M. 2015. Direct radiative feedback due to biogenic secondary organic aerosol estimated from boreal forest site observations. Environ. Res. Lett. 10, 1–8. DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/10/10/104005
- Lihavainen, H., Kerminen, V. M., Tunved, P., Aaltonen, V., Arola, A., et al. 2009. Observational signature of the direct radiative effect by natural boreal forest aerosols and its relation to the corresponding first indirect effect. J. Geophys. Res. 114, 1–7. DOI: 10.1029/2009JD012078
- Lim, H., Oren, R., Palmroth, S., Tor-ngern, P., Mörling, T., et al. 2015. Inter-annual variability of precipitation constrains the production response of boreal Pinus sylvestris to nitrogen fertilization. For. Ecol. Manage. 348, 31–45. DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2015.03.029
- Lin, Y. H., Zhang, Z., Docherty, K. S., Zhang, H., Budisulistiorini, S. H., et al. 2012. Isoprene epoxydiols as precursors to secondary organic aerosol formation: Acid-catalyzed reactive uptake studies with authentic compounds. Environ. Sci. Technol. 46, 250–58. DOI: 10.1021/es202554c
- Lindfors, V., Laurila, T., Hakola, H., Steinbrecher, R., and Rinne, J. 2000. Modeling speciated terpenoid emissions from the European boreal forest. Atmos Environ. 34, 4983–4996. DOI: 10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00223-5
- Lindner, M., Maroschek, M., Netherer, S., Kremer, A., Barbati, A., et al. 2010. Climate change impacts, adaptive capacity, and vulnerability of European forest ecosystems. For. Ecol. Manage. 259, 698–709. DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2009.09.023
- Liu, L., Cheng, Y., Wang, S., Wei, C., Pöhlker, M. L., et al. 2020. Impact of biomass burning aerosols on radiation, clouds, and precipitation over the Amazon: Relative importance of aerosol-cloud and aerosol-radiation interactions. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 20, 13283–13301. DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-13283-2020
- Liu, Y., Brito, J., Dorris, M. R., Rivera-Rios, J. C., Seco, R., et al. 2016. Isoprene photochemistry over the Amazon rainforest. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 113, 6125–30. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1524136113
- Liu, Y., Seco, R., Kim, S., Guenther, A. B., Goldstein, A. H., et al. 2018. Isoprene photo-oxidation products quantify the effect of pollution on hydroxyl radicals over Amazonia. Sci. Adv. 4. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aar2547
- Lloyd, J., Gloor, E. U., and Lewis, S. L. 2009. Are the dynamics of tropical forests dominated by large and rare disturbance events? Ecol. Lett. 12. DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01326.x
- Lloyd, J., Kolle, O., Fritsch, H., De Freitas, S. R., Silva Dias, M. A. F., et al. 2007. An airborne regional carbon balance for Central Amazonia. Biogeosciences 4, 759–68. DOI: 10.5194/bg-4-759-2007
- Lloyd, J., Shibistova, O., Zolotoukhine, D., Kolle, O., Arneth, A., et al. 2002. Seasonal and annual variations in the photosynthetic productivity and carbon balance of a central Siberian pine forest. Tellus B 54, 590–610. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.2002.01487.x
- Löbs, N., Barbosa, C. G. G., Brill, S., Walter, D., DItas, F., et al. 2020. Aerosol measurement methods to quantify spore emissions from fungi and cryptogamic covers in the Amazon. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 13, 153–64. DOI: 10.5194/amt-13-153-2020
- Lohila, A., Aalto, T., Aurela, M., Hatakka, J., Tuovinen, J. P., et al. 2016. Large contribution of boreal upland forest soils to a catchment-scale CH4 balance in a wet year. Geophys. Res. Lett. 43, 2946–53. DOI: 10.1002/2016GL067718
- Lohila, A., Minkkinen, K., Aurela, M., Tuovinen, J. P., Penttilä, T., et al. 2011. Greenhouse gas flux measurements in a forestry-drained peatland indicate a large carbon sink. Biogeosciences 8, 3203–18. DOI: 10.5194/bg-8-3203-2011
- Longo, K. M., Thompson, A. M., Kirchhoff, V. W. J. H., Remer, L. A., De Freitas, S. R., et al. 1999. Correlation between smoke and tropospheric ozone concentration in Cuiabá during Smoke, Clouds, and Radiation-Brazil (SCAR-B). J. Geophys. Res. 104, 12113–29. DOI: 10.1029/1999JD900044
- Loreto, F., Förster, A., Dürr, M., Csiky, O., and Seufert, G. 1998. On the monoterpene emission under heat stress and on the increased thermotolerance of leaves of Quercus ilex L. fumigated with selected monoterpenes. Plant Cell Environ. 21, 101–7. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3040.1998.00268.x
- Lovejoy, T. E., and Nobre, C. 2018. Amazon tipping point. Sci. Adv. 4, eaat2340. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat2340
- Luoma, K., Virkkula, A., Aalto, P., Petäjä, T., and Kulmala, M. 2019a. Over a 10-year record of aerosol optical properties at SMEAR II. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 19, 11363–82. DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-11363-2019
- Lutz, A., Mohr, C., Le Breton, M., Lopez-Hilfiker, F. D., Priestley, M., et al. 2019. Gas to particle partitioning of organic acids in the boreal atmosphere. ACS Earth Space Chem. 3, 1279–87. DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.9b00041
- Luyssaert, S., Inglima, I., Jung, M., Richardson, A. D., Reichstein, M., et al. 2007. CO2 balance of boreal, temperate, and tropical forests derived from a global database. Glob. Chang. Biol. 13, 2509–37. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01439.x
- Lynn, B. H., Khain, A. P., Dudhia, J., Rosenfeld, D., Pokrovsky, A., et al. 2005. Spectral (bin) microphysics coupled with a mesoscale model (MM5). Part I: Model description and first results. Mon. Weather Rev. 133, 44–58. DOI: 10.1175/MWR-2840.1
- Lyubovtseva, Y. S., Sogacheva, L., Dal Maso, M., Bonn, B., Keronen, P., et al. 2005. Seasonal variations of trace gases, meteorological parameters, and formation of aerosols in boreal forests. Boreal Environ. Res. 10. DOI: 10.2205/2007ES000260
- Ma, Z., Peng, C., Zhu, Q., Chen, H., Yu, G., and co-authors, 2012, Regional drought-induced reduction in the biomass carbon sink of Canada’s boreal forests, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A, 109, 2423–2427. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1111576109
- Machacova, K., Bäck, J., Vanhatalo, A., Halmeenmäki, E., Kolari, P., and co-authors, 2016, Pinus sylvestris as a missing source of nitrous oxide and methane in boreal forest. Scientific Reports, 6, 23410. DOI: 10.1038/srep23410
- Machado, L. A. T., Calheiros, A. J. P., Biscaro, T., Giangrande, S., Silva Dias, M. A. F., and co-authors, 2018, Overview: Precipitation characteristics and sensitivities to environmental conditions during GoAmazon2014/5 and ACRIDICON-CHUVA, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 6461–6482. DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-6461-2018
- Machado, L. A. T.; Laurent H.; N. Dessay and I. Miranda, 2004, Seasonal and diurnal variability of convection over the Amazonia: A comparison of different vegetation types and large scale forcing. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 78, 61. DOI: 10.1007/s00704-004-0044-9
- Machado, L. A. T.; Laurent, H.; Lima, A. A., 2002, Diurnal march of the convection observed during TRMM-WETAMC/LBA. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 107, 8064. DOI: 10.1029/2001JD000338
- MacKenzie, A. R., Langford, B., Pugh, T. A. M., Robinson, N., Misztal, P. K., and co-authors, 2011, The atmospheric chemistry of trace gases and particulate matter emitted by different land uses in Borneo., Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci., 366, (1582), 3177–95. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0053
- Maenhaut, W., Fernandez-Jimenez, M.-T., Rajta, I. and Artaxo, P., 2002, Two-year study of atmospheric aerosols in Alta Floresta, Brazil: Multielemental composition and source apportionment, Nucl. Instruments Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. with Mater. Atoms, 189, 243–248. DOI: 10.1016/S0168-583X(01)01050-3
- Maenhaut, W., M. T. Fernandez-Jimenez, P. Artaxo, 1999, Long-term study of atmospheric aerosols in Cuiabá, Brazil: multielemental composition, sources, and source apportionment. Journal of Aerosol Science, 30, S259–260. DOI: 10.1016/S0021-8502(99)80141-4
- Mahowald, N., P. Artaxo, A. Baker, T. Jickells, G. Okin, J. Randerson, A. Townsend., 2005, Impacts of biomass burning emissions and land use change on Amazonian atmospheric phosphorus cycling and deposition. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 19 (4). DOI: 10.1029/2005GB002541
- Mäkelä, J.M., Aalto, P., Jokinen, V., Pohja, T., Nissinen, A., and co-authors, 1997. Observations of ultrafine aerosol particle formation and growth in boreal forest. Geophys. Res. Lett., 24(10), 1219–1222. DOI: 10.1029/97GL00920
- Makkonen, R., Asmi, A., Kerminen, V.-M., Boy, M., Arneth, A., Guenther, A., and Kulmala, M., 2012, BVOC-aerosol-climate interactions in the global aerosol-climate model ECHAM5.5-HAM2, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 10077–10096. DOI: 10.5194/acp-12-10077-2012
- Makkonen, U. V. A., Hellén, H., Hemmilä, M., Sund, J., Äijälä, M., Ehn, M., Junninen, H. and co-authors, 2014, Semi-continuous gas and inorganic aerosol measurements at a boreal forest site: seasonal and diurnal cycles of NH3, HONO and HNO3, Boreal Environment Research, (supp. B), 311–328.
- Malavelle, F. F., Haywood, J. M., Mercado, L. M., Folberth, G. A., Bellouin, N., Sitch, S., and Artaxo, P., 2019, Studying the impact of biomass burning aerosol radiative and climate effects on the Amazon rainforest productivity with an Earth system model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 1301–1326. DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-1301-2019
- Malhi, Y., Aragão, L. E. O. C., Galbraith, D., Huntingford, C., Fisher, R., and co-authors, 2009, Exploring the likelihood and mechanism of a climate-change-induced dieback of the Amazon rainforest, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A, 106, 20610–20615. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0804619106
- Malhi, Y., D. D. Baldocchi and P. G. Jarvis, 1999, The carbon balance of tropical, temperate, and boreal forests. Plant, Cell and Environment, 22, 715–740. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3040.1999.00453.x
- Malhi, Y., Roberts, J. T., Betts, R. A., Killeen, T. J., Li, W. Nobre, C. A., 2008, Climate Change, Deforestation, and the Fate of the Amazon, Science, 319, 5860, 169–172. DOI: 10.1126/science.1146961
- Maljanen, M., Jokinen, H., Saari, A., Strommer, R. and Martikainen, P.J., 2006. Methane and nitrous oxide fluxes, and carbon dioxide production in boreal forest soil fertilized with wood ash and nitrogen. Soil Use Manage., 22(2): 151–157. DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2006.00029.x
- Manabe, S. & Wetherald, R., 1975, The effects of doubling the CO2 concentration on the climate of a general circulation model. J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 3–15. DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1975)032<;0003:TEODTC>2.0.CO;2
- Manninen H.E., Bäck J., Sihto-Nissilä S.-L., Huffman A., Pessi A.-M., and co-authors, 2014, Patterns in airborne pollen and other primary biological aerosol particles (PBAP), and their contribution to aerosol mass and number in a boreal forest, Boreal Environment Research, 19 (suppl. B), 383–405.
- MapBiomas Amazonia, 2020, Collection 2.0 of annual maps of land cover, land use and land use 13 changes between 1985 to 2018 in the Pan Amazon.
https://amazonia.mapbiomas.org/ . - Marais, E. A., Jacob, D. J., Kurosu, T. P., Chance, K., Murphy, J. G.; and co-authors, 2012, Isoprene emissions in Africa inferred from OMI observations of formaldehyde columns. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, (14), 6219–6235. DOI: 10.5194/acp-12-6219-2012
- Marenco, F., Johnson, B., Langridge, J. M., Mulcahy, J., Benedetti, A., and co-authors, 2016, On the vertical distribution of smoke in the Amazonian atmosphere during the dry season, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 2155–2174. DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-2155-2016
- Marengo, J. A.; Borma, L. S.; Rodriguez, D. A.; Pinho, P.; Soares, W. R.; Alves, L. M. 2013, Recent Extremes of Drought and Flooding in Amazonia: Vulnerabilities and Human Adaptation. American Journal of Climate Change, 2, p. 87–96. DOI: 10.4236/ajcc.2013.22009
- Marengo, J. A., E.R. Williams, L. M. Alves, W. R. Soares, D. A. Rodrigues, 2016,
Extreme seasonal variations in the Amazon Basin: droughts and floods . In Interaction between biosphere, atmosphere, and human land use in the Amazon basin (eds Nagy, L., Forsberg, B. R., Artaxo, P.), Springer, 55–76. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-49902-3_4 - Marlon, J. R., Kelly, R., Daniau, A-L., Vannière, B., Power, M.J. and co-authors, 2016, Reconstructions of biomass burning from sediment-charcoal records to improve data-model comparisons, Biogeosciences, 13, 3225–3244. DOI: 10.5194/bg-13-3225-2016
- Martin, S. T., Andreae, M. O., Althausen, D., Artaxo, P., Baars, H., and co-authors, 2010, An overview of the Amazonian Aerosol Characterization Experiment 2008 (AMAZE-08), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10(23), 11415–11438. DOI: 10.5194/acp-10-11415-2010
- Martin, S. T., Andreae, M. O., Artaxo, P., Baumgardner, D., Chen, Q., and co-authors, 2010, Sources and properties of Amazonian aerosol particles, Rev. Geophys., 48, Rg2002. DOI: 10.1029/2008RG000280
- Martin, S. T., Artaxo, P., Machado, L. A. T., Manzi, A. O., Souza, R. A. F., and co-authors, 2016, Introduction: Observations and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/5), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 4785–4797. DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-4785-2016
- Martin, S. T., Artaxo, P., Machado, L., Manzi, A. O., Souza, R. A. F., and co-authors, 2017, The Green Ocean Amazon Experiment (GoAmazon2014/5) Observes Pollution Affecting Gases, Aerosols, Clouds, and Rainfall over the Rain Forest, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 98, 981–997. DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00221.1
- Martinez, M., Harder, H., Kubistin, D., Rudolf, M., Bozem, H., and co-authors, 2010, Hydroxyl radicals in the tropical troposphere over the Suriname rainforest: airborne measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10(8), 3759–3773. DOI: 10.5194/acp-10-3759-2010
- Martins, J. V.; Artaxo, P.; Kaufman, Y. J.; Castanho, A. D.; Remer, L. A., 2009, Spectral absorption properties of aerosol particles from 350–2500nm. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, No. 13, L13810. DOI: 10.1029/2009GL037435
- Martins, J. V., P. V. Hobbs, R. E. Weiss, P. Artaxo, 1998, Morphology and structure of smoke particles from biomass burning in Brazil. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 103, D24, 32041–32050. DOI: 10.1029/98JD02593
- Martins, J. V., A. Marshak, L. Remer, D. Rosenfeld, Y. J. Kaufman, R., and co-authors, 2011, Remote sensing the vertical profile of cloud droplet effective radius, thermodynamic phase, and temperature. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 11, 9485–9501, 2011. DOI: 10.5194/acp-11-9485-2011
- Matricardi, E. A. T., Skole, D.L., Bueno Costa, O., Pedlowski M.A., and co-authors, 2020, Long-term forest degradation surpasses deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon, Science, 369, (6509), 1378–1382. DOI: 10.1126/science.abb3021
- Matthias-Maser, S., Obolkin, V., Khodzer, T., and Jaenicke, R., 2000, Seasonal variation of primary biological aerosol particles in the remote continental region of Lake Baikal/Siberia, Atmos Environ, 34, 3805–3811. DOI: 10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00139-4
- Mauldin, R. L., Berndt, T., Sipila, M., Paasonen, P., Petaja, T., Kim, S., Kulmala, M., 2012, A new atmospherically relevant oxidant of sulphur dioxide. Nature, 488, (7410), 193–196. DOI: 10.1038/nature11278
- McFiggans, G., Artaxo, P., Baltensperger, U., Coe, H., Facchini, M. C., and co-authors, 2006, The effect of physical and chemical aerosol properties on warm cloud droplet activation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2593–2649. DOI: 10.5194/acp-6-2593-2006
- Mei, F., Wang, J., Comstock, J. M., Weigel, R., Krämer, M., and co-authors, 2020, Comparison of aircraft measurements during GoAmazon2014/5 and ACRIDICON-CHUVA, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 661–684. DOI: 10.5194/amt-13-661-2020
- Melack, J.M., Hess, L.L., Gastil, M., Forsberg, B.R., Hamilton, S.K., Lima, I.B.T., Novo, E.M.L.M., 2004. Regionalization of methane emissions in the Amazon Basin with microwave remote sensing. Glob. Chang. Biol., 10, 530–544. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00763.x
- Melnikova, I., & Sasai, T. (2020). Effects of anthropogenic activity on global terrestrial gross primary production. J. Geophys. Res. Biog., 125,
e2019JG005403 . DOI: 10.1029/2019JG005403 - Merikanto, J., Spracklen, D. V., Mann, G. W., Pickering, S. J. and Carslaw, K. S., 2009, Impact of nucleation on global CCN, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 8601–8616. DOI: 10.5194/acp-9-8601-2009
- Metzger, A., Verheggen, B., Dommen, J., Duplissy, J., Prevot, A. S. H., and co-authors, 2010, Evidence for the role of organics in aerosol particle formation under atmospheric conditions, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 6646–6651. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0911330107
- Meurer, K. H. E., Franko, U., Stange, C. F., Rosa, J. D., Madari, B. E. and Jungkunst, H. F., 2016, Direct nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes from soils under different land use in Brazil—a critical review, Environ. Res. Lett., 11(2), 023001. DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/11/2/023001
- Mikhailov, E. F., Mironov, G. N., Pöhlker, C., Chi, X., Krüger, M. L., and co-authors, 2015, Chemical composition, microstructure, and hygroscopic properties of aerosol particles at the Zotino Tall Tower Observatory (ZOTTO), Siberia, during a summer campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 8847–8869. DOI: 10.5194/acp-15-8847-2015
- Mikhailov, E., Mironova, S., Mironov, G., Vlasenko, S., Panov, A., and co-authors, 2017, Long-term measurements (2010–2014) of carbonaceous aerosol and carbon monoxide at the Zotino Tall Tower Observatory (ZOTTO) in central Siberia, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 14365–14392. DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-14365-2017
- Mikhailov, E., S. Vlasenko, D. Rose, and U. Pöschl, 2013, Mass-based hygroscopicity parameter interaction model and measurement of atmospheric aerosol water uptake, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 717–740. DOI: 10.5194/acp-13-717-2013
- Miller, J. B., Gatti, L. V., d’Amelio, M. T. S., Crotwell, A. M., Dlugokencky, E. J., Bakwin, P., Artaxo, P., and Tans, P. P., 2007, Airborne measurements indicate large methane emissions from the eastern Amazon basin, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L10809. DOI: 10.1029/2006GL029213
- Minkkinen, K., Ojanen P., Penttilä, T., Aurela, M., Laurila, T., and co-authors, 2018, Persistent carbon sink at a boreal drained bog forest. Biogeosciences, 15 (11): 3603–3624. DOI: 10.5194/bg-15-3603-2018
- Mitchard, E. T. A., 2018, The tropical forest carbon cycle and climate change. Nature, 559, 26, 527–534. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0300-2
- Möhler, O., DeMott, P. J., Vali, G., and Levin, Z., 2007, Microbiology and atmospheric processes: the role of biological particles in cloud physics, Biogeosciences, 4, 1059–1071. DOI: 10.5194/bg-4-1059-2007
- Mohr, C., Lopez Hilfiker, F.D., Yli Juuti, T., Heitto, A., Lutz, A., and co-authors, 2017. Ambient observations of dimers from terpene oxidation in the gas phase: Implications for new particle formation and growth. Geophys. Res. Lett., 44 (6), 2958–2966. DOI: 10.1002/2017GL072718
- Moiseenko, K.B., Shtabkin, Y.A., Berezina, E.V., Skorokhod, A.I., 2018, Regional Photochemical Surface-Ozone Sources in Europe and Western Siberia, Izv. Atmos. Ocean. Phys., 54, 545. DOI: 10.1134/S0001433818060105
- Molina, L., Broquet, G., Imbach, P., Chevallier, F., Poulter, B., and co-authors, 2015, On the ability of a global atmospheric inversion to constrain variations of CO2 fluxes over Amazonia, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 8423–8438. DOI: 10.5194/acp-15-8423-2015
- Molina, M.J. and J.T. Allen, 2019, On the Moisture Origins of Tornadic Thunderstorms, J. Climate, 32, 4321–4346. DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0784.1
- Mondal, N., and R. Sukumar, 2016: Fires in Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest: Testing the Varying Constraints Hypothesis across a Regional Rainfall Gradient. PLoS One, 11, e0159691. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159691
- Monson RK, Jaeger CH, Adams WW, Driggers EM, Silver GM, Fall R., 1992, Relationships among Isoprene Emission Rate, Photosynthesis, and Isoprene Synthase Activity as Influenced by Temperature, Plant Physiology. 98, 3, 1175–1180. DOI: 10.1104/pp.98.3.1175
- Moran-Zuloaga, D., Ditas, F., Walter, D., Saturno, J., Brito, J., and co-authors, 2018, Long-term study on coarse mode aerosols in the Amazon rain forest with the frequent intrusion of Saharan dust plumes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 10055–10088. DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-10055-2018
- Morgan, W. T., Allan, J. D., Bauguitte, S., Darbyshire, E., Flynn, M. J., and co-authors, 2020, Transformation and ageing of biomass burning carbonaceous aerosol over tropical South America from aircraft in situ measurements during SAMBBA, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 5309–5326. DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-5309-2020
- Morgan, W.T., Darbyshire, E., Spracklen, D.V., Artaxo P., and H. Coe, 2019, Non-deforestation drivers of fires are increasingly important sources of aerosol and carbon dioxide emissions across Amazonia. Scientific Reports, 9:16975. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53112-6
- Morin, X., Viner, D. & Chuine, I. (2008) Tree species range shifts at a continental scale: new predictive insights from a process-based model. Journal of Ecology, 96, 784–79. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01369.x
- Morris, C. E., Georgakopoulos, D. G., and Sands, D. C., 2004, Ice nucleation active bacteria and their potential role in precipitation, J. Phys. IV, 121, 87–103. DOI: 10.1051/jp4:2004121004
- Morris, C. E., Sands, D. C., Bardin, M., Jaenicke, R., Vogel, B., and co-authors, 2011, Microbiology and atmospheric processes: research challenges concerning the impact of airborne micro-organisms on the atmosphere and climate, Biogeosciences, 8, 17–25. DOI: 10.5194/bg-8-17-2011
- Mota, B. W., Pereira, J. M. C., Oom, D., Vasconcelos, M. J. P., and Schultz, M., 2006, Screening the ESA ATSR-2 World Fire Atlas (1997–2002), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1409–1424. DOI: 10.5194/acp-6-1409-2006
- Mouchel-Vallon, C., Lee-Taylor, J., Hodzic, A., Artaxo, P., Aumont, B., and co-authors, 2020, Impact of Urban Emissions on a Biogenic Environment during the wet season: Explicit Modeling of the Manaus Plume Organic Chemistry with GECKO-A, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20 (10), 5995–6014. DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-5995-2020
- Mukhin, V.A. and Voronin, P.Y., 2008. A new source of methane in boreal forests. Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology, 44(3): 297–299. DOI: 10.1134/S0003683808030125
- Muller, C. J., and P. A. O’Gorman, 2011, An energetic perspective on the regional response of precipitation to climate change, Nat Clim Change, 1, 5, 266–271. DOI: 10.1038/nclimate1169
- Müller L., Reinnig, M.-C., Naumann, K. H., Saathoff, H., Mentel, T. F., 2012, Formation of 3-methyl-1,2,3-butanetricarboxylic acid via gas phaseoxidation of pinonic acid – a mass spectrometric study of SOA aging, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 1483–1496. DOI: 10.5194/acp-12-1483-2012
- Muller, J. F., Stavrakou, T., Wallens, S., De Smedt, I., Van Roozendael, M., and co-authors, 2008, Global isoprene emissions estimated using MEGAN, ECMWF analyses and a detailed canopy environment model. Atmos Chem Phys, 8, (5), 1329–1341. DOI: 10.5194/acp-8-1329-2008
- Murphy, B.N., Julin, J., Riipinen, I., & Ekman, A.M. L., 2015, Organic aerosol processing in tropical deep convective clouds: Development of a new model (CRM-ORG) and implications for sources of particle number. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 120, 10441–10464. DOI: 10.1002/2015JD023551
- Myhre, G., B. H. Samset, M. Schulz, Y. Balkanski, S. Bauer, and co-authors, 2013, Radiative forcing of the direct aerosol effect from AeroCom Phase II simulations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 1853–1877. DOI: 10.5194/acp-13-1853-2013
- Nagy, Lazlo, Bruce Forsberg, Paulo Artaxo, 2016,
Ecological Studies: Analysis and Synthesis in Interactions between Biosphere, Atmosphere and Human Land Use in the Amazon Basin. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Pages: 478, Library of Congress Control Number:2016944616, Hard Cover ISBN 978-3-662-49902-3, 227. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-49902-3 - Nascimento, J. P., Bela, M. M., Meller, B., Banducci, A. L., Rizzo, L. V., and co-authors, 2021, Aerosols from anthropogenic and biogenic sources and their interactions: modeling aerosol formation, optical properties and impacts over the central Amazon Basin, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 6755–6779, 2021. DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-6755-2021
- Nemecek-Marshall, M., MacDonald, R. C., Franzen, J. J., Wojciechowski, C. L. & Fall, R., 1995: Methanol emission from leaves. Plant Physiol., 108, 1359–1368. DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.4.1359
- Nemitz, E., Artaxo, P., Cappa, C.D., Martin, S. T. & J. L. Jimenez, 2013, Chemically Resolved Particle Fluxes Over Tropical and Temperate Forests, Aerosol Science and Technology, 47:7, 818–830. DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2013.791022
- Nepstad, D. C., Stickler, C. M., Soares, B., and Merry, F., 2008, Interactions among Amazon land use, forests, and climate: prospects for a near-term forest tipping point, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, 363, 1737–1746. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2007.0036
- Nessler, R., Weingartner, E., Baltensperger, U., 2005, Effect of humidity on aerosol light absorption and its implications for extinction and the single scattering albedo illustrated for a site in the lower free troposphere, J. Aerosol Sci., 36 (2005), 958–972. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2004.11.012
- Ni, X. and Groffman, P.M., 2018. Declines in methane uptake in forest soils. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A, 115 (34): 8587–8590. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1807377115
- Nieminen, T., Asmi, A., Dal Maso, M., Aalto, P. P., Keronen, P., and co-authors, 2014, Trends in atmospheric new-particle formation: 16 years of observations in a boreal-forest environment, Boreal Environment Research, 19, 191–214.
- Nilsson, E. D., Paatero, J and Boy, M., 2001, Effects of air masses and synoptic weather on aerosol formation in the continental boundary layer, Tellus B Chem Phys Meteorol, 53, 462–478. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.2001.530410.x
- Niyogi, D., Chang, H., Saxena, V. K., Holt, T., Alapaty, K. and co-authors, 2004, Direct observations of the effects of aerosol loading on net ecosystem CO2 exchanges over different landscapes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31. DOI: 10.1029/2004GL020915
- Nobre, CA, JA Marengo, WR Soares, 2019, Climate Change Risks in Brazil, Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-92880-7. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-92881-4
- Nölscher, A. C., Yañez-Serrano, A. M., Wolff, S., de Araujo, A. C., Lavrič, J. V., Kesselmeier, J. and Williams, J. 2016. Unexpected seasonality in quantity and composition of Amazon rainforest air reactivity, Nat. Commun., 7, 10383. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10383
- Nunes, A. M. P.; Silva Dias, M. A. F.; Anselmo, E. M.; Morales, C. A., 2016, Severe Convection Features in the Amazon Basin: A TRMM-Based 15-Year Evaluation. Frontiers in Earth Science, 4, 2016/000037. DOI: 10.3389/feart.2016.00037
- O’Dowd, C., Yoon, Y., Junkermann, W., Aalto, P., Kulmala, M., Lihavainen, H., and Viisanen, Y. 2009, Airborne measurements of nucleation mode particles II: boreal forest nucleation events, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9. DOI: 10.5194/acpd-8-2821-2008
- Oberlander, E.A., Brenninkmeijer, C.A.M., Crutzen, P.J., Elansky, N.F., Golitsyn, G.S., and co-authors, 2002, Trace gas measurements along the Trans-Siberian railroad: The TROICA 5 expedition, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 107. DOI: 10.1029/2001JD000953
- Oki, T. and Kanae, S., 2006. Global hydrological cycles and world water resources. Science, 313(5790): 1068–1072. DOI: 10.1126/science.1128845
- Okin, G. S., N. Mahowald, O. A. Chadwick, P. Artaxo. 2004, Impact of desert dust on the biogeochemistry of phosphorus in terrestrial ecosystems. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 18, 2, GB2005. DOI: 10.1029/2003GB002145
- Oliveira, P. E. S., Acevedo, O. C., Sörgel, M., Tsokankunku, A., Wolff, S., and co-authors, 2018, Nighttime wind and scalar variability within and above an Amazonian canopy, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 3083–3099. DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-3083-2018
- Oliveira, P. H. F., Artaxo, P., Pires, C., De Lucca, S., Procopio, A., and co-authors, 2007, The effects of biomass burning aerosols and clouds on the CO2 flux in Amazonia, Tellus B Chem Phys Meteorol, 59B, 338–349. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2007.00270.x
- Ometto, J. P., A. D. Nobre, H. Rocha, P. Artaxo, L. Martinelli, 2005, Amazônia and the Modern Carbon Cycle: Lessons Learned. Invited manuscript no. OEC-JE-2004-0459. Oecologia, 143, 4, 483–500. DOI: 10.1007/s00442-005-0034-3
- Öquist, M.G., Bishop, K., Grelle, A., Klemedtsson, L., Kohler, S.J., and co-authors, 2014. The full annual carbon balance of boreal forests is highly sensitive to precipitation, Environmental Science & Technology Letters, 1, 7, 315–319. DOI: 10.1021/ez500169j
- Ordway, E. M., and G. P. Asner. 2020. Carbon declines along tropical forest edges correspond to heterogeneous effects on canopy structure and function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 117, 7863–7870. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1914420117
- Ovadnevaite, J., Zuend, A., Laaksonen, A., Sanchez, K.J., Roberts, G., and co-authors, 2017, Surface tension prevails over solute effect in organic-influenced cloud droplet activation. Nature, 546, 637–641. DOI: 10.1038/nature22806
- Paasonen, P., Asmi, A., Petäjä, T., Kajos, M. K., Äijälä, M, and co-authors, 2013, Warming-induced increase in aerosol number concentration likely to moderate climate change, Nature Geosci, 6, 438–442. DOI: 10.1038/ngeo1800
- Paasonen, P., Nieminen, T., Asmi, E., Manninen, H. E., Petäjä, T., and co-authors, 2010, On the roles of sulphuric acid and low-volatility organic vapours in the initial steps of atmospheric new particle formation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11223–11242. DOI: 10.5194/acp-10-11223-2010
- Pacifico, F., Folberth, G. A., Sitch, S., Haywood, J. M., Rizzo, L. V., and co-authors, 2015, Biomass burning related ozone damage on vegetation over the Amazon forest: a model sensitivity study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 2791–2804. DOI: 10.5194/acp-15-2791-2015
- Page, S.E., Rieley, J.O., Banks, C.J., 2011. Global and regional importance of the tropical peatland carbon pool. Glob. Chang. Biol. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02279.x
- Pajunoja, A., Lambe, A.T., Hakala, J., Rastak, N., Cummings, M.J., and co-authors, 2015, Adsorptive uptake of water by semisolid secondary organic aerosols, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 3063–3068. DOI: 10.1002/2015GL063142
- Palácios, R. da S., Artaxo, P. E., Cirino, G. G., Nakale, V., Morais, F. G., and co-authors, 2020, Long-term measurements of aerosol optical properties and radiative forcing (2011–2017) over Central Amazonia. Atmósfera. Retrieved from
https://www.revistascca.unam.mx/atm/index.php/atm/article/view/52892 . - Palm, B. B., de Sá, S. S., Day, D. A., Campuzano-Jost, P., Hu, W., and co-authors, 2018, Secondary organic aerosol formation from ambient air in an oxidation flow reactor in central Amazonia, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 467–493. DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-467-2018
- Pan, Y. D., R. A. Birdsey, J. Y. Fang, R. Houghton, P. E. Kauppi, and co-authors, 2011, A large and persistent carbon sink in the World’s forests. Science, 333, 988–993. DOI: 10.1126/science.1201609
- Pan, Y., Birdsey, R.A., Phillips, O.L., Jackson, R.B., 2013. The structure, distribution, and biomass of the world’s forests. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst., 44, 593–622. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110512-135914
- Pandolfi, M., Alados-Arboledas, L., Alastuey, A., Andrade, M., Angelov, C., and co-authors, 2018, A European aerosol phenomenology – 6: scattering properties of atmospheric aerosol particles from 28 ACTRIS sites, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 7877–7911. DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-7877-2018
- Pangala, S. R., Enrich-Prast, A., Basso, L. S., Peixoto, R. B., Bastviken, D., and co-authors, 2017, Large emissions from floodplain trees close the Amazon methane budget, Nature, 552/230. DOI: 10.1038/nature24639
- Paralovo, S. L., Barbosa, C.G.G., Carneiro, I.P.S., Kurzlop, P., Borillo, G.C., and co-authors, 2019, Observations of particulate matter, NO2, SO2, O3, H2S and selected VOCs at a semi-urban environment in the Amazon region, Science of The Total Environment, 650, Part 1, 996–1006. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.073
- Paramonov, M., Aalto, P. P., Asmi, A., Prisle, N., Kerminen, V.- M., Kulmala, M., and Petäjä, T., 2013, The analysis of size-segregated cloud condensation nuclei counter (CCNC) data and its implications for cloud droplet activation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 10285–10301. DOI: 10.5194/acp-13-10285-2013
- Paris, J.-D., Ciais, P., Nédélec, P., Ramonet, M., Belan, B. D., and co-authors, 2008, The YAK-AEROSIB transcontinental aircraft campaigns: new insights on the transport of CO2, CO and O3 across Siberia, Tellus B Chem Phys Meteorol, 60, 551–568. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00369.x
- Paris, J.-D., Stohl, A., Ciais, P., Nédélec, P., Belan, B. D., and co-authors, 2010, Source-receptor relationships for airborne measurements of CO2, CO, and O3 above Siberia: a cluster-based approach, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 1671–1687. DOI: 10.5194/acp-10-1671-2010
- Park, S.-B., Knohl, A., Lucas-Moffat, A.M., Migliavacca, M., Gerbig, C., Vesala, T., and co-authors, 2018, Strong radiative effect induced by clouds and smoke on forest net ecosystem productivity in central Siberia, Agric. For. Meteorol., 250–251, 376–387. DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.09.009
- Patade, S., Phillips, V. T. J., Amato, P., Bingemer, H. G., Burrows, S. M., and co-authors, 2021, Empirical formulation for multiple groups of primary biological ice nucleating particles from field observations over Amazonia, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 79, 1–25. DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-20-0096.1
- Patra, P.K., Canadell, J.G., Houghton, R.A., Piao, S.L., Oh, N.H., and co-authors, 2013, The carbon budget of South Asia. Biogeosciences. DOI: 10.5194/bg-10-513-2013
- Pauliquevis, T., Lara, L. L., Antunes, M. L. and Artaxo, P., 2012, Aerosol and precipitation chemistry measurements in a remote site in Central Amazonia: The role of biogenic contribution. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 4987–5015. DOI: 10.5194/acp-12-4987-2012
- Paulot, F., Crounse, J. D., Kjaergaard, H. G., Kroll, J. H., Seinfeld, J. H., and Wennberg, P. O., 2019, Isoprene photooxidation: new insights into the production of acids and organic nitrates, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1479–1501. DOI: 10.5194/acp-9-1479-2009
- Pausas, J.G., and Paula, S., 2012, Fuel shapes the fire–climate relationship: evidence from Mediterranean ecosystems. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 21: 1074–1082. DOI: 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2012.00769.x
- Pedruzo-Bagazgoitia, X., H.G. Ouwersloot, M. Sikma, C.C. van Heerwaarden, C.M. Jacobs, and J. Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, 2017, Direct and Diffuse Radiation in the Shallow Cumulus–Vegetation System: Enhanced and Decreased Evapotranspiration Regimes. J. Hydrometeor., 18, 1731–1748. DOI: 10.1175/JHM-D-16-0279.1
- Peng, C.H., Ma Z., Lei, X., Zhu, Q., Chen, H., and co-authors, 2011, A drought-induced pervasive increase in tree mortality across Canada’s boreal forests. Nature Climate Change, 1, 9, 467–471. DOI: 10.1038/nclimate1293
- Penuelas, J., Asensio, D., Tholl, D., Wenke, K., Rosenkranz, M., Piechulla, B., and Schnitzler, J. P., 2014, Biogenic volatile emissions from the soil, Plant, Cell & Environment, 37, 1866–1891. DOI: 10.1111/pce.12340
- Peñuelas, J., and Staudt, M. 2010. BVOCs and global change. Trends Plant Sci. 15, 133–44. DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2009.12.005
- Perry, K. D. and Hobbs, P. V., 1994, Further evidence for particle nucleation in clear-air adjacent to marine cumulus clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 22803–22818. DOI: 10.1029/94JD01926
- Petäjä, T., Kerminen, V.-M., Hämeri, K., Vaattovaara, P., Joutsensaari, J., and co-authors, 2005, Effects of SO2 oxidation on ambient aerosol growth in water and ethanol vapours, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 767–779. Sref-ID:1680-324/acp/2005-5-767. DOI: 10.5194/acp-5-767-2005
- Petäjä, T., Mauldin, III, R. L., Kosciuch, E., McGrath, J., Nieminen, T., and co-authors, 2009, Sulfuric acid and OH concentrations in a boreal forest site, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 7435–7448. DOI: 10.5194/acp-9-7435-2009
- Petters, M. D. and Kreidenweis, S. M., 2007, A single parameter representation of hygroscopic growth and cloud condensation nucleus activity, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1961–1971. DOI: 10.5194/acp-7-1961-2007
- Phillips, O. L, Aragão, L.E.O.C., Lewis, S.L., Fisher, J.B., Lloyd, J., and co-authors, 2009, Drought sensitivity of the Amazon rainforest. Science, 323, 5919, 1344–1347.
- Pielke RA, Vidale PL. 1995. The boreal forest and the polar front. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 100, 25755. DOI: 10.1029/95JD02418
- Pinto, D. M., Blande, J. D., Souza, S. R., Nerg, A.-M. and Holopainen, J. K., 2010, Plant Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Ozone (O3) Polluted Atmospheres: The Ecological Effects, J. Chem. Ecol., 36, 22–34. DOI: 10.1007/s10886-009-9732-3
- Pirjola, L., Virkkula, A., Petäjä, T., Levula, J., Kukkonen, J. and Kulmala, M. (2015) Mobile ground-based measurements of aerosol and trace gases during a prescribed burning experiment in boreal forest in Finland, Boreal Environ. Res., 20, 105–119.
- Pöhlker, C., J. Saturno, M. L. Krüger, J.-D. Förster, M. Weigand, and co-authors, 2014, Efflorescence upon humidification? X-ray microspectroscopic in situ observation of changes in aerosol microstructure and phase state upon hydration, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 3681–3689. DOI: 10.1002/2014GL059409
- Pöhlker, C., K. T. Wiedemann, B. Sinha, M. Shiraiwa, S. S. Gunthe, and co-authors. 2012. Biogenic potassium salt particles as seeds for secondary organic aerosol in the Amazon. Science, 337, 1075–1078. DOI: 10.1126/science.1223264
- Pöhlker, C., Walter, D., Paulsen, H., Könemann, T., Rodríguez-Caballero, E., and co-authors. 2019. Land cover and its transformation in the backward trajectory footprint region of the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 8425–8470. DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-8425-2019
- Pöhlker, M. L., Ditas, F., Saturno, J., Klimach, T., Hrabě de Angelis, I., and co-authors. 2018. Long-term observations of cloud condensation nuclei over the Amazon rain forest – Part 2: Variability and characteristics of biomass burning, long-range transport, and pristine rain forest aerosols: Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 10289–10331. DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-10289-2018
- Pöhlker, M. L., Pöhlker, C., Ditas, F., Klimach, T., Hrabe de Angelis, I., and co-authors. 2016. Long-term observations of cloud condensation nuclei in the Amazon rain forest – Part 1: Aerosol size distribution, hygroscopicity, and new model parametrizations for CCN prediction, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 15709–15740. DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-15709-2016
- Ponomarev, I. E., I. V. Kharuk, and J. K. Ranson, 2016: Wildfires Dynamics in Siberian Larch Forests. For., 7. DOI: 10.3390/f7060125
- Pope, R. J., Arnold, S. R., Chipperfield, M. P., Reddington, C. L. S., Butt, E. W., Keslake, T. D., and co-authors, 2020, Substantial increases in Eastern Amazon and Cerrado biomass burning-sourced tropospheric ozone. Geophys. Res. Lett., 47,
e2019GL084143 . DOI: 10.1029/2019GL084143 - Pöschl, U., Martin, S. T., Sinha, B., Chen, Q., Gunthe, S. S., and co-authors, 2010, Rainforest Aerosols as Biogenic Nuclei of Clouds and Precipitation in the Amazon, Science, 329, 1513–1516. DOI: 10.1126/science.1191056
- Pöschl, U., and Shiraiwa, M., 2015, Multiphase Chemistry at the Atmosphere-Biosphere Interface Influencing Climate and Public Health in the Anthropocene, Chemical Reviews, 115, 4440–4475. DOI: 10.1021/cr500487s
- Praplan AP, Tykkä T, Chen D, Boy M, Taipale D, and co-authors, 2019. Long-term total OH reactivity measurements in a boreal forest, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 19, 14431–14453. DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-14431-2019
- Prass, M., Andreae, M. O., de Araùjo, A. C., Artaxo, P., Ditas, F., and co-authors, 2021, Bioaerosols in the Amazon rain forest: temporal variations and vertical profiles of Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea. Biogeosciences, 18, 17, 4873–4887. DOI: 10.5194/bg-18-4873-2021
- Prenni, A.J., Petters, M.D., Kreidenweis, S.M., Heald, C.L., and co-authors, 2009, Relative roles of biogenic emissions and Saharan dust as ice nuclei in the Amazon basin, Nature Geosciences, 2, 402–405. DOI: 10.1038/ngeo517
- Prenni, A. J., Tobo, Y., Garcia, E., DeMott, P. J., Huffman, J. A., and co-authors, 2013, The impact of rain on ice nuclei populations at a forested site in Colorado, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 227–231. DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053953
- Procópio, A. S., P. Artaxo, Y. J. Kaufman, L. A. Remer, J. S. Schafer, B. N. Holben, 2004, Multiyear analysis of Amazonian biomass burning smoke radiative forcing of climate. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, No. 3, pg. L03108–L03112. DOI: 10.1029/2003GL018646
- Procópio, A. S.; L. A. Remer, P. Artaxo, Y. J. Kaufman, B. N. Holben, Modeled spectral optical properties for smoke aerosols in Amazonia, 2003, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 24, 2265–2270. DOI: 10.1029/2003GL018063
- Proske J.U., 2018,
Characterization of Biological Ice Nucleating Particles in a Boreal Forest Environment , BSc thesis, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt. - Prospero, J. M., Blades, E., Mathison, G., and Naidu, R., 2005, Interhemispheric transport of viable fungi and bacteria from Africa to the Caribbean with soil dust, Aerobiologia, 21, 1–19. DOI: 10.1007/s10453-004-5872-7
- Prăvălie, R., 2018, Major perturbations in the Earth’s forest ecosystems. Possible implications for global warming. Earth. DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.06.010
- Pugh, T.A.M., Arneth, A., Kautz, M. and co-authors, 2019a, Important role of forest disturbances in the global biomass turnover and carbon sinks. Nat. Geosci., 12, 730–735 (2019). DOI: 10.1038/s41561-019-0427-2
- Pugh, T. A. M., Jones, C. D., Huntingford, C., Burton, C., Arneth, A., Brovkin, V., and co-authors, 2018. A large committed long-term sink of carbon due to vegetation dynamics. Earth’s Future, 6, 1413–1432. DOI: 10.1029/2018EF000935
- Pugh, T.A.M., Lindeskog, M., Smith, B., Poultere, B., Arneth, A., and co-authors, 2019b, Role of forest regrowth in global carbon sink dynamics, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A, 116, 10, 4382–4387. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1810512116
- Pugh, T. A. M., MacKenzie, A. R., Hewitt, C. N., Langford, B., Edwards, P. M., and co-authors, 2010, Simulating atmospheric composition over a South-East Asian tropical rainforest: performance of a chemistry box model, Atmos Chem Phys, 10, 279–298. DOI: 10.5194/acp-10-279-2010
- Pulliainen, J., Aurela, M., Laurila, T., Aalto, T., Takala, M., and co-authors, 2017. Early snowmelt significantly enhances boreal springtime carbon uptake. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A, 114, 42, 11081–11086. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1707889114
- Pye, H.O.T., D’Ambro, E.L., Lee, B.H., Schobesberger, S., Takeuchi, M., and co-authors, 2019, Anthropogenic enhancements to production of highly oxygenated molecules from autoxidation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A, 116, 14, 6641–6646. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1810774116
- Querino, C. A. S., Smeets, C. J. P. P., Vigano, I., Holzinger, R., Moura, V., and co-authors, 2011, Methane flux, vertical gradient and mixing ratio measurements in a tropical forest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 7943–7953. DOI: 10.5194/acp-11-7943-2011
- Räisänen T., Ryyppö A. & Kellomäki S. 2008. Impact of timber felling on the ambient monoterpene concentration of a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forest. Atmos. Environ., 42, 6759–6766. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.05.035
- Ramanathan, V., P. J. Crutzen, J. T. Kiehl, and D. Rosenfeld (2001), Atmosphere – Aerosols, climate, and the hydrological cycle, Science, 294, 5549, 2119–2124. DOI: 10.1126/science.1064034
- Ramsay, R., Di Marco, C. F., Heal, M. R., Sörgel, M., Artaxo, P., and co-authors, 2021, Measurement and modelling of the dynamics of NH3 surface–atmosphere exchange over the Amazonian rainforest, Biogeosciences, 18, 9, 2809–2825. DOI: 10.5194/bg-18-2809-2021
- Ramsay, R., Di Marco, C. F., Sörgel, M., Heal, M. R., Carbone, S., and co-authors, 2020, Concentrations and biosphere–atmosphere fluxes of inorganic trace gases and associated ionic aerosol counterparts over the Amazon rainforest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 15551–15584. DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-15551-2020
- Randerson, J. T., H. Liu, M. G. Flanner, S. D. Chambers, Y. Jin, and co-authors, 2006, The Impact of Boreal Forest Fire on Climate Warming. Science, 314, 5802, 1130–1132. DOI: 10.1126/science.1132075
- Randerson, J., G. R. van der Werf, L. Giglio, G. J. Collagtz, and P. S. Kasibhatla, 2015:
Global Fire Emissions Data Base-GFED , version 4. Oak Ridge, TN, USA. - Rantala, P., J. Aalto, R. Taipale, T. M. Ruuskanen & J. Rinne, 2015, Annual cycle of volatile organic compound exchange between a boreal pine forest and the atmosphere. Biogeosciences, 12, 5753–5770. DOI: 10.5194/bg-12-5753-2015
- Rao, V. B., and K. Hada, 1990, Characteristics of rainfall over Brazil: Annual variations and connections with the Southern Oscillation, Theoretical and Applied Meteorology, 42, 2, 81–91. DOI: 10.1007/BF00868215
- Rap, A., Scott, C. E., Reddington, C. L., Mercado, L., Ellis, R. J., and co-authors, 2018, Enhanced global primary production by biogenic aerosol via diffuse radiation fertilization, Nat. Geosci., 11, 640–644. DOI: 10.1038/s41561-018-0208-3
- Rap, A., D. V. Spracklen, L. Mercado, C. L. Reddington, J. M. Haywood, and co-authors, 2015, Fires increase Amazon forest productivity through increases in diffuse radiation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42. DOI: 10.1002/2015GL063719
- Rasmussen, R. A., 1970, Isoprene: identified as a forest-type emission to the atmosphere. Environmental Science and Technology, 4, 8, 667–671. DOI: 10.1021/es60043a008
- Rastak, N., Pajunoja, A., Acosta Navarro, J. C., Ma, J., Song, M., and co-authors, 2017, Microphysical explanation of the RH-dependent water affinity of biogenic organic aerosol and its importance for climate, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 5167–5177. DOI: 10.1002/2017GL073056
- Raupp, C. F. M., and P. L. Silva Dias, 2009: Resonant wave interactions in the presence of a diurnally varying heat source. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 66, 3165–3183. DOI: 10.1175/2009JAS2899.1
- Raupp, C. F. M., and P. L. Silva Dias, 2010, Interaction of equatorial waves through resonance with the diurnal cycle of tropical heating, Tellus A, 62A, 706–718. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0870.2010.00463.x
- Reddington, C. L., Morgan, W. T., Darbyshire, E., Brito, J., Coe, H., and co-authors, 2019, Biomass burning aerosol over the Amazon: analysis of aircraft, surface and satellite observations using a global aerosol model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 9125–9152. DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-9125-2019
- Reddington, C. L., D. V. Spracklen, P. Artaxo, D. A. Ridley, L. V. Rizzo, and A. Arana, 2016: Analysis of particulate emissions from tropical biomass burning using a global aerosol model and long-term surface observations. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16. DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-11083-2016
- Reinmuth-Selzle, K., Kampf, C. J., Lucas, K., Lang-Yona, N., Fröhlich-Nowoisky, and co-authors, 2017, Air pollution and climate change effects on allergies in the Anthropocene: Abundance, interaction, and modification of allergens and adjuvants, Environmental Science & Technology, 51, 4119–4141. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04908
- Reponen, T., Grinshpun, S.A., Conwell, K.L., Wiest, J. & Anderson, M., 2001, Aerodynamic versus physical size of spores: measurement and implication for respiratory deposition, Grana, 40, 119–125. DOI: 10.1080/00173130152625851
- Restrepo-Coupe, N., da Rocha, H.R., Hutyra, L.R., da Araujo, A.C., Borma, L.S., and co-authors, 2013. What drives the seasonality of photosynthesis across the Amazon basin? A cross-site analysis of eddy flux tower measurements from the Brasil flux network. Agric. For. Meteorol., 182–183. DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.04.031
- Reutter, P., Su, H., Trentmann, J., Simmel, M., Rose, D., and co-authors, 2009, Aerosol- and updraft-limited regimes of cloud droplet formation: influence of particle number, size and hygroscopicity on the activation of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 7067–7080. DOI: 10.5194/acp-9-7067-2009
- Ribaud, JF, Machado, LAT, Biscaro, 2019, T X-band dual-polarization radar-based hydrometeor classification for Brazilian tropical precipitation systems, Atm. Measurement Tech., 12, 2, 811–837. DOI: 10.5194/amt-12-811-2019
- Riccobono, F., Schobesberger, S., Scott, C. E., Dommen, J., Ortega, I. K., and co-authors, 2014, Oxidation Products of Biogenic Emissions Contribute to Nucleation of Atmospheric Particles, Science, 344, 717–721. DOI: 10.1126/science.1243527
- Richardson, A.D., Keenan, T.F., Migliavacca, M., Ryu, Y., Sonnentag, O., Toomey, M., and co-authors, 2013. Climate change, phenology, and phenological control of vegetation feedbacks to the climate system. Agric. For. Meteorol., 169, 156–173. DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.09.012
- Rickenbach, T., R. N. Ferreira, J. Halverson, and M. A. F. Silva Dias, 2002: Modulation of convection in the southwestern Amazon basin by extratropical stationary fronts. J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8040. DOI: 10.1029/2000JD000263
- Ridley, H. E., Asmerom, Y., Baldini, J. U. L., Breitenbach, S. F. M., Aquino, and co-authors, 2015, Aerosol forcing of the position of the intertropical convergence zone since AD 1550, Nature geoscience, 8, 3, 195–200. DOI: 10.1038/ngeo2353
- Riemer, N., Ault, A. P., West, M., Craig, R. L., & Curtis, J. H., 2019, Aerosol mixing state: Measurements, modeling, and impacts. Reviews of Geophysics, 57, 187–249. DOI: 10.1029/2018RG000615
- Riipinen, I., Rastak, N., and Pandis, S. N., 2015, Connecting the solubility and CCN activation of complex organic aerosols: a theoretical study using solubility distributions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 6305–6322. DOI: 10.5194/acp-15-6305-2015
- Rinne, J., J. Bäck & H. Hakola, 2009, Biogenic volatile organic compound emissions from Eurasian taiga: Current knowledge and future directions. Boreal Environment Research, 14, 807–826.
- Rinne, H.J.I., A.B. Guenther, J.P. Greenberg & P.C. Harley, 2002, Isoprene and monoterpene fluxes measured above Amazonian rainforest and their dependence on light and temperature. Atmos Environ, 36, 2421–2426. DOI: 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00523-4
- Rinne, J., H. Hakola, T. Laurila & Ü. Rannik, 2000, Canopy scale monoterpene emissions of Pinus sylvestris dominated forests. Atmos Environ, 34, 1099–1107. DOI: 10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00335-0
- Rinne J., Ruuskanen T., Reissell A., Taipale R., Hakola H., and Kulmala M., 2005, On-line PTR-MS measurements of atmospheric concentrations of volatile organic compounds in a European boreal forest ecosystem. Boreal Env. Res., 10, 425–436.
- Rinne, J., R. Taipale, T. Markkanen, T.M. Ruuskanen, H. Hellén, and co-authors, 2007, Hydrocarbon fluxes above a Scots pine forest canopy: measurements and modeling. Atmos Chem Phys, 7, 3361–3372. DOI: 10.5194/acp-7-3361-2007
- Rissler, J., Svenningsson, B., Fors, E.O., Bilde, M. and Swietlicki, E., 2010, An evaluation and comparison of cloud condensation nucleus activity models: Predicting particle critical saturation from growth at subsaturation, J. Geophys. Res., 115. DOI: 10.1029/2010JD014391
- Rissler, J., Swietlicki, E., Zhou, J., Roberts, G., Andreae, M. and co-authors, 2004, Physical properties of the sub-micrometer aerosol over the Amazon rain forest during the wet-to-dry season transition-comparison of modeled and measured CCN concentrations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 2119–2143. DOI: 10.5194/acp-4-2119-2004
- Rissler, J., Vestin, A., Swietlicki, E., Fisch, G., Zhou, J., and co-authors, 2006, Size distribution and hygroscopic properties of aerosol particles from dry-season biomass burning in Amazonia, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 471–491. DOI: 10.5194/acp-6-471-2006
- Riuttanen, L., Hulkkonen, M., Dal Maso, M., Junninen, H., & Kulmala, M., 2013, Trajectory analysis of atmospheric transport of fine particles, SO2, NOx and O3 to the SMEAR II station in Finland in 1996-2008. Atmos Chem Phys, 13, 2153–2164. DOI: 10.5194/acp-13-2153-2013
- Riva, M., Heikkinen, L., Bell, D., Peräkylä, O., Zha, Q., and co-authors, 2019, Chemical transformations in monoterpene-derived organic aerosol enhanced by inorganic composition, Climate and Atmospheric Science, 2, 2. DOI: 10.1038/s41612-018-0058-0
- Rizzo, L. V., Artaxo, P., Karl, T., Guenther, A. B. and Greenberg, J., 2010, Aerosol properties, in-canopy gradients, turbulent fluxes, and VOC concentrations at a pristine forest site in Amazonia, Atmos. Environ., 44(4). DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.11.002
- Rizzo, L. V., Artaxo, P., Müller, T., Wiedensohler, A., Paixão, M., and co-authors, 2013. Long term measurements of aerosol optical properties at a primary forest site in Amazonia. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 2391–2413. DOI: 10.5194/acp-13-2391-2013
- Rizzo, L. V., Correia, A. L., Artaxo, P., Procópio, A. S., and Andreae, M. O., 2011, Spectral dependence of aerosol light absorption over the Amazon Basin, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 8899–8912. DOI: 10.5194/acp-11-8899-2011
- Rizzo, L., Roldin, P., Brito, J., Backman, J., Swietlicki, E., and co-authors, 2018, Multi-year statistical and modeling analysis of submicrometer aerosol number size distributions at a rain forest site, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 10255–10274. DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-10255-2018
- Rizzolo, J. A., Barbosa, C. G. G., Borillo, G. C., Godoi, A. F. L., Souza, R. A. F., and co-authors, 2017, Soluble iron nutrients in Saharan dust over the central Amazon rainforest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 2673–2687. DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-2673-2017
- Roberts, M. C., M. O. Andreae, J. C. Zhou, and P. Artaxo, 2001, Cloud condensation nuclei in the Amazon Basin: “Marine” conditions over a continent? Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 14, 2807–2810. DOI: 10.1029/2000GL012585
- Roberts, G. C., Artaxo, P., Jingchuan, Z., Swietlicki, E., and Andreae, M. O., 2002, Sensitivity of CCN spectra on chemical and physical properties of aerosol: a case study from the Amazon Basin, J. Geophys. Res., 107, D20, LBA37-1-18. DOI: 10.1029/2001JD000583
- Roberts, G. C., Nenes, A., Seinfeld, J. H., and Andreae, M. O., 2003, Impact of biomass burning on cloud properties in the Amazon Basin, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4062. DOI: 10.1029/2001JD000985
- Robinson, N.H., Hamilton, J.F., Allan, J.D., Langford, B., Oram, D.E., 2011, Evidence for a significant proportion of Secondary Organic Aerosol from isoprene above a maritime tropical forest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 1039–1050. DOI: 10.5194/acp-11-1039-2011
- Rogelj, J., Popp, A., Calvin, K.V., and co-authors, 2018, Scenarios towards limiting global mean temperature increase below 1.5 °C, Nature Clim Change, 8, 325–332. DOI: 10.1038/s41558-018-0091-3
- Roldin, P., Ehn, M., Kurtén, T., Olenius, T., Rissanen, M. P., and co-authors, 2019, The role of highly oxygenated organic molecules in the Boreal aerosol-cloud-climate system, Nature Communications, 10, 4370. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12338-8
- Romanovsky V. E., Smith S. L., Christiansen H. H., 2010, Permafrost thermal state in the polar Northern Hemisphere during the International Polar Year 2007–2009: a synthesis. Permafrost and Periglac. Process., 21, 106–116. DOI: 10.1002/ppp.689
- Romatschke, U., & Houze, R. A.,
Jr. (2010). Extreme Summer Convection in South America, Journal of Climate, 23, 14, 3761–3791. DOI: 10.1175/2010JCLI3465.1 - Roos, C. I., Bowman, D. M. J. S., Balch, J. K., Artaxo, P., Bond, W. J., and co-authors, 2014, Pyrogeography, historical ecology, and the human dimensions of fire regimes. Journal of Biogeography, 41, 833–836. DOI: 10.1111/jbi.12285
- Roosevelt, A. C., 2013, The Amazon and the Anthropocene: 13,000 years of human influence in a tropical rainforest. Anthropocene, 4, 69–87. DOI: 10.1016/j.ancene.2014.05.001
- Rose, D., Gunthe, S. S., Mikhailov, E., Frank, G. P., Dusek, U., and co-authors, 2008, Calibration and measurement uncertainties of a continuous-flow cloud condensation nuclei counter (DMT-CCNC): CCN activation of ammonium sulfate and sodium chloride aerosol particles in theory and experiment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1153–1179. DOI: 10.5194/acp-8-1153-2008
- Rose, D., Gunthe, S. S., Su, H., Garland, R. M., Yang, H., e al., 2011, Cloud condensation nuclei in polluted air and biomass burning smoke near the mega-city Guangzhou, China – Part 2: Size-resolved aerosol chemical composition, diurnal cycles, and externally mixed weakly CCN-active soot particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 2817–2836. DOI: 10.5194/acp-11-2817-2011
- Rose, D., Nowak, A., Achtert, P., Wiedensohler, A., Hu, M., e al., 2010, Cloud condensation nuclei in polluted air and biomass burning smoke near the mega-city Guangzhou, China – Part 1: Size-resolved measurements and implications for the modeling of aerosol particle hygroscopicity and CCN activity, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 3365–3383. DOI: 10.5194/acp-10-3365-2010
- Rosenfeld, D., Andreae, M. O., Asmi, A., Chin, M., de Leeuw, G., and co-authors, 2014, Global observations of aerosol-cloud-precipitation-climate interactions, Rev. Geophys., 52, 750–808. DOI: 10.1002/2013RG000441
- Rosenfeld, D., and Bell, T. L., 2011, Why do tornados and hailstorms rest on weekends? J. Geophys. Res., 116, D20211. DOI: 10.1029/2011JD016214
- Rosenfeld, D., U. Lohmann, G. B. Raga, C. D. O’Dowd, M. Kulmala, and co-authors, 2008, Flood or drought: How do aerosols affect precipitation? Science, 321, 5894, 1309–1313. DOI: 10.1126/science.1160606
- Rosenfeld, D., Woodley, W. L., Krauss, T. W., and Makitov, V., 2006, Aircraft microphysical documentation from cloud base to anvils of hailstorm feeder clouds in Argentina, Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 45, 1261–1281. DOI: 10.1175/JAM2403.1
- Röser, C., Montagnani, L., Schulze, E.-D., Mollicone, D., Kolle, O., and co-authors, 2002. Net CO2 exchange rates in three different successional stages of the “Dark Taiga” of Central Siberia. Tellus B Chem Phys Meteorol, 54, 642–654. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.2002.01351.x
- Rottenberger, S., Kuhn, U., Wolf, A., Schebeske, G., Oliva, S. T., and co-authors, 2004, Exchange of short-chain aldehydes between Amazonian vegetation and the atmosphere, Ecol. Appl., 14, 4, S247–S262. DOI: 10.1890/01-6027
- Ruehl, C. R., Davies, J. F., and Wilson, K. R., 2016, An interfacial mechanism for cloud droplet formation on organic aerosols. Science, 351, 1447–1450. DOI: 10.1126/science.aad4889
- Rummel, U., Ammann, C., Kirkman, G. A., Moura, M. A. L., Foken, T., and co-authors, 2007, Seasonal variation of ozone deposition to a tropical rainforest in southwest Amazonia: Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 5415–5435. DOI: 10.5194/acp-7-5415-2007
- Ruuskanen, T. M., Reissell, A., Keronen, P., Aalto, P. P., Laakso, and co-authors, 2003, Atmospheric trace gas and aerosol particle concentration measurements in Eastern Lapland, Finland 1992–2001. Boreal Env. Res., 8, 335–349. ISSN 1239-6095.
- Saarikoski, S. M. T., Hillamo, R., Aalto, P. P., Kerminen, V-M., Kulmala, M., 2005, Physico-chemical characterization and mass closure of size-segregated atmospheric aerosols in Hyytiälä, Finland, Boreal Environment Research, 10, 385–400.
- Saatchi, S.S., Harris, N.L., Brown, S., Lefsky, M., Mitchard, E.T.A., and co-authors, 2011. Benchmark map of forest carbon stocks in tropical regions across three continents. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1019576108
- Saatchi, S., Marcos Longo, and co-authors, 2021, Detecting vulnerability of humid tropical forests to multiple stressors, One Earth, 4, 7, 988–1003. DOI: 10.1016/j.oneear.2021.06.002
- Saeki, T., Maksyutov, S., Sasakawa, M., Machida, T., Arshinov, M., and co-authors, 2013, Carbon flux estimation for Siberia by inverse modeling constrained by aircraft and tower CO2 measurements, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, 1100–1122. DOI: 10.1002/jgrd.50127
- Saito M, Kim H-S, Ito A, Yokota T, Maksyutov S., 2016, Enhanced Methane Emissions during Amazonian Drought by Biomass Burning. PLoS ONE, 11, 11,
e0166039 . DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166039 - Saleska, S. R., Miller, S. D., Matross, D. M., Goulden, M. L., Wofsy, S. C., and co-authors, 2003, Carbon in Amazon forests: unexpected seasonal fluxes and disturbance-induced losses, Science, 302, 1554–1557. DOI: 10.1126/science.1091165
- Sampaio, G., C. A. Nobre, M. H. Costa, P. Satyamurty, B. S. Soares-Filho, M. Cardoso, 2007, Regional climate change over eastern Amazonia caused by pasture and soybean cropland expansion. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L17709. DOI: 10.1029/2007GL030612
- Santana, R. A., Dias-Júnior, C. Q., da Silva, J. T., Fuentes, J. D., do Vale, R. S., and co-authors, 2018, Air turbulence characteristics at multiple sites in and above the Amazon rainforest canopy, Agric. For. Meteorol., 260–261, 41–54. DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.05.027
- Šantl-Temkiv, T., Sikoparija, B., Maki, T., Carotenuto, F., Amato, P., and co-authors, 2019, Outdoor Bioaerosol Field Measurements: Challenges and Perspectives, Aerosol Science & Technology. 54, 520–546, DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2019.1676395
- Saraiva, I., M. A. F. Silva Dias, C. A. R. Morales, J. M. B. Saraiva, 2016, Regional variability of rainclouds in the Amazon basin seen by a network of weather radars. Aceito. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 55, 2657–2675. DOI: 10.1175/JAMC-D-15-0183.1
- Sarkkola, S., Nieminen, M., Koivusalo, H., Laurén, A., Ahti, E., and co-authors, 2013, Domination of growing-season evapotranspiration over runoff makes ditch network maintenance in mature peatland forests questionable. Mires Peat, 11, 11.
- Sarrafzadeh M., Wildt, J., Pullinen, I., Springer, M., Kleist, E., Tillmann, R., and co-authors, 2016, Impact of NOX and OH on secondary organic aerosol formation from β-pinene photo-oxidation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 11237–11248. DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-11237-2016
- Sasakawa, M., Machida, T., Tsuda, N., Arshinov, M., Davydov, D., and co-authors, 2013, Aircraft and tower measurements of CO2 concentration in the planetary boundary layer and the lower free troposphere over southern taiga in West Siberia: Longterm records from 2002 to 2011, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, 9489–9498. DOI: 10.1002/jgrd.50755
- Sasakawa, M., Shimoyama, K., Machida, T., Tsuda, N., Suto, H., and co-authors, 2010, Continuous measurements of methane from a tower network over Siberia, Tellus B Chem Phys Meteorol, 62, 403–416. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2010.00494.x
- Satoh, M., T. Matsuno, H. Tomita, H. Miura, T. Nasuno, and S. Iga, 2008, Nonhydrostatic icosahedral atmospheric model (NICAM) for global cloud resolving simulations, J Comput Phys, 227, 7, 3486–3514. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcp.2007.02.006
- Saturno, J., Ditas, F., Penning de Vries, M., Holanda, B.A., Pöhlker, M.L., and co-authors, 2018b, African volcanic emissions influencing atmospheric aerosol particles over the Amazon rain forest. Atmos Chem Phys, 18, 10391–10405. DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-10391-2018
- Saturno, J., Holanda, B.A., Pöhlker, C., Ditas, F., Wang, Q., and co-authors, 2018a, Black and brown carbon over central Amazonia: Long-term aerosol measurements at the ATTO site. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 12817–12843. DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-12817-2018
- Satyamurty, P., Anderson de Castro, A., Tota, J., da Silva Gularte, L. E., Ocimar Manzi, A., 2010, Rainfall trends in the Brazilian Amazon Basin in the past eight decades. Theor Appl Climatol., 99, 1–2. DOI: 10.1007/s00704-009-0133-x
- Savage, N. J., and Huffman, J. A., 2018, Evaluation of a hierarchical agglomerative clustering method applied to WIBS laboratory data for improved discrimination of biological particles by comparing data preparation techniques, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 4929–4942. DOI: 10.5194/amt-11-4929-2018
- Savage, N. J., Krentz, C. E., Könemann, T., Han, T. T., Mainelis, G., and co-authors, 2017, Systematic characterization and fluorescence threshold strategies for the wideband integrated bioaerosol sensor (WIBS) using size-resolved biological and interfering particles, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 4279–4302. DOI: 10.5194/amt-10-4279-2017
- Savage, K., Moore, T.R. and Crill, P.M., 1997. Methane and carbon dioxide exchanges between the atmosphere and northern boreal forest soils. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 102, D24, 29279–29288. DOI: 10.1029/97JD02233
- Sawakuchi, H. O., Bastviken, D., Sawakuchi, A. O., Krusche, A. V., Ballester, M. V. and Richey, J. E., 2014, Methane emissions from Amazonian Rivers and their contribution to the global methane budget. Glob Change Biol., 20, 2829–2840. DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12646
- Saxton, J. E., Lewis, A. C., Kettlewell, J. H., Ozel, M. Z., Gogus, F., and co-authors, 2007, Isoprene and monoterpene measurements in a secondary forest in northern Benin, Atmos Chem Phys, 7, 4095–4106. DOI: 10.5194/acp-7-4095-2007
- Scaife, A.A., C.K. Folland, L.V. Alexander, A. Moberg, and J.R. Knight, 2008: European Climate Extremes and the North Atlantic Oscillation. J. Climate, 21, 72–83. DOI: 10.1175/2007JCLI1631.1
- Scandalios, J. G., 1993, Oxygen Stress and Superoxide Dismutases., Plant Physiol., 101, 1, 7–12,
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12231660 . DOI: 10.1104/pp.101.1.7 - Schafer, J. S., Eck, T. F., Holben, B. N., Artaxo, P., and Duarte, A. F. 2008. Characterization of the optical properties of atmospheric aerosols in Amazônia from long-term AERONET monitoring (1993–1995 and 1999–2006). J. Geophys. Res., 113, 1–16. DOI: 10.1029/2007JD009319
- Schafer, J. S., Holben, B. N., Eck, T. F., Yamasoe, M. A., and Artaxo, P., 2002, Atmospheric effects on insolation in the Brazilian Amazon: Observed modification of solar radiation by clouds and smoke and derived single scattering albedo of fire aerosols: J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8074. DOI: 10.1029/2001JD000428
- Schallhart, S., P. Rantala, M.K. Kajos, J. Aalto, I. Mammarella, and co-authors, 2018, Temporal variation of VOC fluxes measured with PTR-TOF above a boreal forest. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 815–832. DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-815-2018
- Schimel, D., B. B. Stephens, and J. B. Fisher, 2015, Effect of increasing CO2 on the terrestrial carbon cycle. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 112, 436–441. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1407302112
- Schiro, K. A. and Neelin, J. D., 2018, Tropical continental downdraft characteristics: mesoscale systems versus unorganized convection, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 1997–2010. DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-1997-2018
- Schlesinger, W.H. and Jasechko, S., 2014. Transpiration in the global water cycle. Agric. For. Meteorol., 189–190, 115–117. DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.01.011
- Schmale J, Henning S, Decesari S, Henzing B, Keskinen H, Sellegri K, and co-authors, 2018, Long-term cloud condensation nuclei number concentration, particle number size distribution and chemical composition measurements at regionally representative observatories, Atmos Chem Phys., 18, 4, 2853–2881. DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-2853-2018
- Schmid, O., P. Artaxo, W. P. Arnott, D. Chand, L. V. Gatti, and co-authors, 2006, Spectral light absorption by ambient aerosols influenced by biomass burning in the Amazon Basin – I. Comparison and field calibration of absorption measurement techniques. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 6, 3443–3462. DOI: 10.5194/acp-6-3443-2006
- Schneider, T., Bischoff, T., and Haug, G. H., 2014, Migrations, and dynamics of the intertropical convergence zone: Nature, 513, 45–53. DOI: 10.1038/nature13636
- Schneider, J., F. Freutel, S. R. Zorn, Q. Chen, D. K. Farmer, and co-authors, 2011, Mass-spectrometric identification of primary biological particle markers: indication for low abundance of primary biological material in the pristine submicron aerosol of Amazonia. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 11, 11415–11429. DOI: 10.5194/acp-11-11415-2011
- Schobesberger, S., Väänänen, R., Leino, K., Virkkula, A., Backman, J., and co-authors, 2013, Airborne measurements over the boreal forest of southern Finland during new particle formation events in 2009 and 2010, Boreal Env. Res., 18, 145–163.
- Schrod, J., Thomson, E. S., Weber, D., Kossmann, J., Pöhlker, C., and co-authors, 2020, Long-term deposition and condensation ice-nucleating particle measurements from four stations across the globe, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 15983–16006. DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-15983-2020
- Schuh G, Heiden AC, Hoffmann Th, Kahl J, Rockel P, Rudolph J, Wildt J., 1997, Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from Sunflower and Beech: Dependence on Temperature and Light Intensity, J Atmos Chem, 27, 291–318. DOI: 10.1023/A:1005850710257
- Schulz, C., Schneider, J., Amorim Holanda, B., Appel, O., Costa, A., and co-authors, 2018, Aircraft-based observations of isoprene-epoxydiol-derived secondary organic aerosol (IEPOX-SOA) in the tropical upper troposphere over the Amazon region, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 14979–15001. DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-14979-2018
- Schultz, MG, Schröder, S, Lyapina, O, Cooper, O. R., Galbally, I, and co-authors, 2017, Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report: Database and metrics data of global surface ozone observations. Elementa Science of the Anthropocene, 5, 58. DOI: 10.1525/elementa.244
- Schumacher C.J., Pöhlker C., Aalto P., Hiltunen V., Petäjä T., and co-authors, 2013, Seasonal cycles of fluorescent biological aerosol particles in boreal and semi-arid forests of Finland and Colorado, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 11987–12001. DOI: 10.5194/acp-13-11987-2013
- Scott, A., 2000: The Pre-Quaternary history of fire. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 164, 281–45 329. DOI: 10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00192-9
- Scott, C. E., S. R. Arnold, S. A. Monks, A. Asmi, P. Paasonen, and D. V. Spracklen, 2018b: Substantial large-scale feedbacks between natural aerosols and climate. Nat. Geosci., 11, 44–48. DOI: 10.1038/s41561-017-0020-5
- Scott, C. E., Monks, S. A., Spracklen, D. V., Arnold, S. R., Forster, P. M., and co-authors, 2018a, Impact on short-lived climate forcers increases projected warming due to deforestation. Nat. Comm., 9, 157. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02412-4
- Seidl, R., Thom, D., Kautz, M., Martin-Benito, D., Peltoniemi, M., and co-authors, 2017, Forest disturbances under climate change. Nature Climate Change, 7, 395–402. DOI: 10.1038/nclimate3303
- Seifert, A., T. Heus, R. Pincus, and B. Stevens, 2015, Large-eddy simulation of the transient and near-equilibrium behavior of precipitating shallow convection, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 7. DOI: 10.1002/2015MS000489
- Sena, E. T. and Artaxo, P., 2015. A novel methodology for large-scale daily assessment of the direct radiative forcing of smoke aerosols. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 5471–5483. DOI: 10.5194/acp-15-5471-2015
- Sena, E. T., P. Artaxo, and A. L. Correia, 2013, Spatial variability of the direct radiative forcing of biomass burning aerosols and the effects of land use change in Amazonia. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 13, 1261–1275, 2013. DOI: 10.5194/acp-13-1261-2013
- Sena, E. T., Silva Dias, M. A. F., Carvalho, L. M. V., and Silva Dias, P. L. 2018. Reduced wet season length detected by satellite retrievals of cloudiness over Brazilian Amazonia: a new methodology. Journal of Climate, 31, 9941–9964. DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0702.1
- Settele, J., R. Scholes, R. Betts, S. Bunn, P. Leadley, and co-authors, 2014,
Terrestrial and inland water systems . In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [eds; Field, C.B., V.R. Barros, D.J. Dokken, K.J. Mach, M.D. Mastrandrea, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L. White]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 271–359. - Sharkey, T.D., F. Loreto, D. Baldocchi, & A. Guenther, 1997, The BEMA-project – A North American perspective. Atmos. Environ., 31, 251–255. DOI: 10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00266-5
- Shibistova, O., Lloyd, J., Evgrafova, S., Savushkina, N., Zrazhevskaya, G., and co-authors, 2002, Seasonal and spatial variability in soil CO2 efflux rates for a central Siberian Pinus sylvestris forest, Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 54, 5, 552–567. DOI: 10.3402/tellusb.v54i5.16687
- Shilling, J. E., Pekour, M. S., Fortner, E. C., Artaxo, P., de Sá, S., and co-authors, 2018, Aircraft observations of the chemical composition and aging of aerosol in the Manaus urban plume during GoAmazon 2014/5, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 10773–10797. DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-10773-2018
- Shiraiwa, M., Ying Li, Y., Tsimpidi, A.P., Karydis, V.A., Berkemeier, T., and co-authors, 2017, Global distribution of particle phase state in atmospheric secondary organic aerosols, Nature Communications, 8, 15002. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15002
- Shrivastava M, Andreae MO, Artaxo P, and co-authors 2019. Urban pollution greatly enhances formation of natural aerosols over the Amazon rainforest. Nature Communications, 10, 1046. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08909-4
- Shrivastava, M., Cappa, S.C., Fan, J., Goldstein, A.H., Guenther, A. B., and co-authors, 2017, Recent advances in understanding secondary organic aerosol: Implications for global climate forcing, Rev. Geophys., 55, 2, 509–559. DOI: 10.1002/2016RG000540
- Shtabkin, Y.A., Moiseenko, K.B., Skorokhod, A.I. and co-authors, 2016, Sources of and variations in tropospheric CO in Central Siberia: Numerical experiments and observations at the Zotino Tall Tower Observatory. Izv. Atmos. Ocean. Phys. 52, 45–56. DOI: 10.1134/S0001433816010096
- Sihto, S-L., J. Mikkilä, J. Vanhanen, M. Ehn, L. Liao, and co-authors, 2011, Seasonal variation of CCN concentrations and aerosol activation properties in boreal forest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 13269–13285. DOI: 10.5194/acp-11-13269-2011
- Sikma, M., Vilà Guerau de Arellano, J., Pedruzo Bagazgoitia, X., Voskamp, T., Heusinkveld, B. G., and co-authors. 2019. Impact of future warming and enhanced CO2 on the vegetation cloud interaction. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, 12, 444–12,454. DOI: 10.1029/2019JD030717
- Sikstrom, U. and Hokka, H., 2016. Interactions between soil water conditions and forest stands in boreal forests with implications for ditch network maintenance. Silva Fennica, 50, 1. DOI: 10.14214/sf.1416
- Siljamo P., Sofiev M., Severova E., Ranta H., Kukkonen J., and co-authors, 2008, Sources, impact, and exchange of early-spring birch pollen in the Moscow region and Finland, Aerobiologia, 24, 211–230. DOI: 10.1007/s10453-008-9100-8
- Silva Camila V. J., Aragão L. E. O. C., Barlow J., Espirito-Santo F., Young P. J., and co-authors, 2018, Drought-induced Amazonian wildfires instigate a decadal-scale disruption of forest carbon dynamics, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B., 373, 1760. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0043
- Silva Dias, M. A. F., Avissar, R., and Silva Dias, P.L. 2009.
Modeling the Regional and Remote Climatic Impact of Deforestation In Amazonia and Global Change, Geophysical Monographs Series, edited by M. Keller; M. Bustamante; J. Gash; P. Silva Dias, 186, 255–264: American Geophysical Union. DOI: 10.1029/2008GM000817 - Silva Dias M. A. F., P. L. Silva Dias, M. Longo, D. R. Fitzjarrald, A. S. Denning, 2004, River breeze circulation in Eastern Amazon: observations and modeling results. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 6, 78,1–3, 111–121. DOI: 10.1007/s00704-004-0047-6
- Silva Dias, M.A.F., Rutledge, S., Kabat, P., Silva Dias, P. L., Nobre, C. A., and co-authors, 2002, Clouds and rain processes in a biosphere atmosphere interaction context in the Amazon Region. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 107, 46.1–46.23. DOI: 10.1029/2001JD000335
- Silva Dias, P. L., W. H. Schubert, and M. Demaria, 1983, Large-scale response of the tropical atmosphere to transient forcing, J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 2689–2707. DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1983)040<;2689:LSROTT>2.0.CO;2
- Silva Junior, C. H. L., Aragão, L. E. O. C., Anderson, L. O., Fonseca, M. G., Shimabukuro, Y. E., and co-authors, 2020, Persistent collapse of biomass in Amazonian forest edges following deforestation leads to unaccounted carbon losses, Sci Adv, 6, 40, eaaz8360. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz8360
- Silva Junior, Celso H. L., Carvalho N., and co-authors, 2021, Nature Geosciences, 14, 634–635. DOI: 10.1038/s41561-021-00823-z
- Siméon, A., Waquet, F., Péré, J.-C., Ducos, F., Thieuleux, F., and co-authors, 2021 Combining POLDER-3 satellite observations and WRF-Chem numerical simulations to derive biomass burning aerosol properties over the Southeast Atlantic region, accepted to be published in Atmos. Chem. Phys., preprint at. DOI: 10.5194/acp-2021-256
- Simoneit, B.R.T., Schauer, J.J., Nolte, C.G., Oros, D.R., Elias, V.O., and co-authors, 1999, Levoglucosan, a tracer for cellulose in biomass burning and atmospheric particles, Atmos Environ, 33, 2, 173–182. DOI: 10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00145-9
- Sindelarova, K., Granier, C., Bouarar, I., Guenther, A., Tilmes, S., and co-authors, 2014, Global data set of biogenic VOC emissions calculated by the MEGAN model over the last 30 years, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 9317–9341. DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-9317-2014
- Siqueira, J. R., and L. A. T. Machado, 2004: Influence of frontal systems on the day-to-day convection variability over South America. J. Climate, 17, 1754–1766. DOI: 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<;1754:IOTFSO>2.0.CO;2
- Sitch, S., Cox, P. M., Collins, W. J., and Huntingford, C., 2007, Indirect radiative forcing of climate change through ozone effects on the land-carbon sink, Nature, 448, 791–U4. DOI: 10.1038/nature06059
- Sitch, S., Huntingford, C., Gedney, N., Levy, P. E., Lomas, M., and co-authors, 2008, Evaluation of the terrestrial carbon cycle, future plant geography and climate-carbon cycle feedbacks using five Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs), Global Change Biology, 14, 2015–2039. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01626.x
- Smith, M. N., Taylor, C.T., van Haren, J., Rosolem, R., Restrepo-Coupe, N., 2020, Empirical evidence for resilience of tropical forest photosynthesis in a warmer world. Nature Plants, 6, 1225–1230. DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-00780-2
- Smith, P., and Co-authors, 2014:
Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) . In Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Eds. O. Edenhofer, and co-authors, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. - Soares J., Sofiev M., Hakkarainen J., 2015, Uncertainties of wild-land fires emission in AQMEII phase 2 case study. Atmos. Environ., 115, 3, 61–370. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.01.068
- Sofiev M., Siljamo P., Ranta H. & Rantio-Lehtimäki A., 2006, Towards numerical forecasting of long-range air transport of birch pollen: theoretical considerations and a feasibility study, Int. J. Biometeorol., 50, 392–402. DOI: 10.1007/s00484-006-0027-x
- Sofiev, M., Vankevich, R., Lotjonen, M., Prank, M., Petukhov, V., Ermakova, T., and co-authors, 2009, An operational system for the assimilation of the satellite information on wild-land fires for the needs of air quality modelling and forecasting, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 6833–6847. DOI: 10.5194/acp-9-6833-2009
- Sogacheva, L., Kolmonen, P., Virtanen, T. H., Rodriguez, E., Saponaro, G., and de Leeuw, G., 2017, Post-processing to remove residual clouds from aerosol optical depth retrieved using the Advanced Along Track Scanning Radiometer, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 491–505. DOI: 10.5194/amt-10-491-2017
- Soja, A. J., Tchebakova, N.M., French, N.H.F., Flannigan, M.D., Shugart, H.H., and co-authors, 2007, Climate-induced boreal forest change: Predictions versus current observations. Global and Planetary Change, 56, 274–296. DOI: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.07.028
- Song, X.-P., M. C. Hansen, S. V Stehman, P. V Potapov, A. Tyukavina, and co-authors, 2018: Global land change from 1982 to 2016. Nature, 560, 7720, 639–643. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0411-9
- Soto-Garcia, L. L; Andreae, MO; Andreae, TW; Artaxo, P.; Maenhaut, W.; and co-authors, 2011, Evaluation of the carbon content of aerosols from the burning of biomass in the Brazilian Amazon using thermal, optical, and thermal-optical analysis methods. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 11, 9, 4425–4444. DOI: 10.5194/acp-11-4425-2011
- Souza, F.F.C., Rissi, D.V., Pedrosa, F.O., and co-authors, 2019. Uncovering prokaryotic biodiversity within aerosols of the pristine Amazon forest. Sci. Total Environ. 688. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.218
- Spirig, C.; Guenther, A.; Greenberg, J. P.; Calanca, P.; Tarvainen, V., 2004, Tethered balloon measurements of biogenic volatile organic compounds at a Boreal forest site. Atmos Chem Phys, 4, 215–229. DOI: 10.5194/acp-4-215-2004
- Sporre, M. K., Blichner, S. M., Karset, I. H. H., Makkonen, R., and Berntsen, T. K., 2019, BVOC–aerosol–climate feedbacks investigated using NorESM, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 4763–4782. DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-4763-2019
- Sporre, M. K., Blichner, S. M., Schrödner, R., Karset, I. H. H., Berntsen, T. K., and co-authors, 2020, Large difference in aerosol radiative effects from BVOC-SOA treatment in three Earth system models, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 8953–8973. DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-8953-2020
- Spracklen, D. V., Arnold, S. R., and Taylor, C. M., 2012, Observations of increased tropical rainfall preceded by air passage over forests: Nature, 489, 282–285. DOI: 10.1038/nature11390
- Spracklen, D. V., Bonn, B., and Carslaw, K. S., 2008, Boreal forests, aerosols and the impacts on clouds and climate, Phil. T. R. Soc. A., 266, 1–11. DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2008.0201
- Spracklen, D. V., Carslaw, K. S., Kulmala, M., Kerminen, V. M., Mann, G. W., and Sihto, S. L., 2006, The contribution of boundary layer nucleation events to total particle concentrations on regional and global scales, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 5631–5648. DOI: 10.5194/acp-6-5631-2006
- Spracklen, D. V., K. S. Carslaw, J. Merikanto, G.W. Mann, C.L. Reddington, and co-authors, 2010, Explaining global surface aerosol number concentrations in terms of primary emissions and particle formation. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10, 10, 4775–4793. DOI: 10.5194/acp-10-4775-2010
- Staal, A., Fetzer, I., Wang-Erlandsson, L. and co-authors, 2020, Hysteresis of tropical forests in the 21st century. Nature Commun, 11, 4978. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18728-7
- Stanley, W. R., Kaye, P. H., Foot, V. E., Barrington, S. J., Gallagher, M., and Gabey, A., 2011, Continuous bioaerosol monitoring in a tropical environment using a UV fluorescence particle spectrometer, Atmospheric Science Letters, 12, 195–199. DOI: 10.1002/asl.310
- Stark, S. C. D. D., Breshears, S., Aragón, J. C., Villegas, D. J., Law, M. N., and co-authors, 2020. Reframing tropical savannization: linking changes in canopy structure to energy balance alterations that impact climate. Ecosphere, 11, 9,
e03231 . DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3231 - Staudt, M., and Bertin, N., 1998, Light and temperature dependence of the emission of cyclic and acyclic monoterpenes from holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) leaves, Plant Cell and Environment, 21, 385–395. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3040.1998.00288.x
- Stavrakou, T.; Müller, J.-F.; Bauwens, M.; De Smedt, I.; Van Roozendael, M.; Guenther, A., 2018, Impact of Short-Term Climate Variability on Volatile Organic Compounds Emissions Assessed Using OMI Satellite Formaldehyde Observations. Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 16, 8681–8689. DOI: 10.1029/2018GL078676
- Stavrakou, T., Muller, J. F., De Smedt, I., Van Roozendael, M., van der Werf, G. R., and co-authors, 2009, Evaluating the performance of pyrogenic and biogenic emission inventories against one decade of space-based formaldehyde columns. Atmos Chem Phys, 9, 3, 1037–1060. DOI: 10.5194/acp-9-1037-2009
- Steffen, W., Richardson, K., Rockström, J., Cornell, S. E., Fetzer, I., and co-authors, 2015, Planetary Boundaries: Guiding Human Development on a Changing Planet, Science, 347, 6223. DOI: 10.1126/science.1259855
- Steffen, W., Rockström, J., Richardson, K., Lenton, T. M., Folke, C., and co-authors, 2018, Trajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115, 33, 8252–9. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1810141115
- Stenberg, L., Haahti, K., Hökkä, H., Launiainen, S., Nieminenet, M., and co-authors, 2018, Hydrology of drained peatland forest: Numerical experiment on the role of tree stand heterogeneity and management. Forests, 9, 10, 645. DOI: 10.3390/f9100645
- Stephens, G. L., J. L. Li, M. Wild, C. A. Clayson, N. Loeb, and co-authors, 2012, An update on Earth’s energy balance in light of the latest global observations, Nat Geosci, 5, 10, 691–696. DOI: 10.1038/ngeo1580
- Stevens, B., and G. Feingold, 2009, Untangling aerosol effects on clouds and precipitation in a buffered system, Nature, 461, 7264, 607–613. DOI: 10.1038/nature08281
- Stickler, A., Fischer, H., Bozem, H., Gurk, C., Schiller, C., and co-authors, 2007, Chemistry, transport, and dry deposition of trace gases in the boundary layer over the tropical Atlantic Ocean and the Guyanas during the GABRIEL field campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 14, 3933–3956. DOI: 10.5194/acp-7-3933-2007
- Stocker, T. F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, L. V. Alexander, S. K. Allen, and co-authors, 2013,
Technical Summary , in Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by T. F. Stocker, and co-authors, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. - Stocks, B.J., Fosberg, M.A., Lynham, T.J. and co-authors, 1998, Climate Change and Forest Fire Potential in Russian and Canadian Boreal Forests. Climatic Change, 38, 1–13. DOI: 10.1023/A:1005306001055
- Strömgren, M., Hedwall, P.O. and Olsson, B.A., 2016. Effects of stump harvest and site preparation on N2O and CH4 emissions from boreal forest soils after clear-cutting. Forest Ecology and Management, 371, 15–22. DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2016.03.019
- Sullivan, M. J. P., S. L. Lewis, K. Affum-Baffoe, C. Castilho, F. Costa, and co-authors, 2020, Long-term thermal sensitivity of Earth’s tropical forests. Science, 368, 6493, 869–874. DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw7578
- Sundqvist, E., Mölder, M., Crill, P., Kljun, N. and Lindroth, A., 2015. Methane exchange in a boreal forest estimated by gradient method. Tellus B Chem Phys Meteorol, 67, 1. DOI: 10.3402/tellusb.v67.26688
- Suni, T., A. Guenther, H.C. Hansson, M. Kulmala, M.O. Andreae and co-authors, 2015, The significance of land–atmosphere interactions in the Earth system—iLEAPS achievements and perspectives. Anthropocene. DOI: 10.1016/j.ancene.2015.12.001
- Surratt, J. D., Chan, A. W. H., Eddingsaas, N. C., Chan, M. N., Loza, and co-authors, 2010, Reactive intermediates revealed in secondary organic aerosol formation from isoprene, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 107, 15, 6640–6645. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0911114107
- Swap, R., Garstang, M., Greco, S., Talbot, R. and Kallberg, P., 1992, Saharan dust in the Amazon Basin, Tellus B Chem Phys Meteorol, 44, 2, 133–149. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1992.t01-1-00005.x
- Swap, R. J., M. Garstang, S. A. Macko, P. D. Tyson, W. Maenhaut, and co-authors, 1996, The long-range transport of southern African aerosols over the tropical South Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 23, 777–791. DOI: 10.1029/95JD01049
- Swietlicki, E., Hansson, H. C., Hämeri, K., Svenningsson, B., Massling, A., and co-authors, 2008, Hygroscopic properties of submicrometer atmospheric aerosol particles measured with HTDMA instruments in various environment– A review, Tellus B, 60, 432. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00350.x
- Tack A.J.M., Hakala J., Petäjä T., Kulmala M. & Laine A.-L., 2014, Genotype and spatial structure shape pathogen dispersal and disease dynamics at small spatial scales, Ecology, 95, 703–714. DOI: 10.1890/13-0518.1
- Tai, A. P. K., M. V. Martin, and C. L. Heald, 2014, Threat to future global food security from climate change and ozone air pollution. Nature Climate Change, 4, 817–821. DOI: 10.1038/nclimate2317
- Taipale, R., M.K. Kajos, J. Patokoski, P. Rantala, T.M. Ruuskanen & J. Rinne, 2011: Role of de novo biosynthesis in ecosystem scale monoterpene emissions from a boreal Scots pine forest. Biogeosciences, 8, 2247–2255. DOI: 10.5194/bg-8-2247-2011
- Takemura, T., T. Nakajima, O. Dubovik, B.N. Holben, and S. Kinne, 2002, Single-Scattering Albedo and Radiative Forcing of Various Aerosol Species with a Global Three-Dimensional Model, J. Climate, 15, 333–352. DOI: 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<;0333:SSAARF>2.0.CO;2
- Talbot, R. W., Andreae, M. O., Andreae, T. W., and Harriss, R. C., 1988, Regional aerosol chemistry of the Amazon Basin during the dry season, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 1499–1508. DOI: 10.1029/JD093iD02p01499
- Tanaka, L.; Satiamurty, P., Machado, Luiz A. T., 2014, Diurnal variation of precipitation in central Amazon Basin, International Journal of Climatology, 34, 13, 3574–3584. DOI: 10.1002/joc.3929
- Tarasova, O. A., Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M., Assono, S. S., Elansky, N. F., Röckmann, T., & Braß, M., 2006, Atmospheric CH4 along the trans-Siberian railroad (TROICA) and river Ob: Source identification using stable isotope analysis, Atmospheric Environment, 40, 29, 5617–5628. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.04.065
- Tarvainen, V., Hakola, H., Hellen, H., Bäck, J., Hari, P., and Kulmala, M., 2005, Temperature and light dependence of the VOC emissions of Scots pine, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 989–998,
http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/5/989/2005/ . DOI: 10.5194/acp-5-989-2005 - Tarvainen, V., H. Hakola, J. Rinne, H. Hellén, & S. Haapanala, 2007, Towards a comprehensive emission inventory of terpenoids from boreal ecosystems. Tellus B Chem Phys Meteorol, 59B, 526–534. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2007.00263.x
- Taylor, T. C., McMahon, S. M., Smith, M. N., Boyle, B., Violle, C., and co-authors, 2018, Isoprene emission structures tropical tree biogeography and community assembly responses to climate, New Phytologist, 220, 435–446. DOI: 10.1111/nph.15304
- Textor, C., M. Schulz, S. Guibert, S. Kinne, Y. Balkanski, and co-authors, 2006, Analysis and quantification of the diversities of aerosol life cycles within AeroCom, Atmos Chem Phys, 6, 1777–1813. DOI: 10.5194/acp-6-1777-2006
- Thalman, R., de Sá, S. S., Palm, B. B., Barbosa, H. M. J., Pöhlker, M. L., and co-authors, 2017, CCN activity and organic hygroscopicity of aerosols downwind of an urban region in central Amazonia: seasonal and diel variations and impact of anthropogenic emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 11779–11801. DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-11779-2017
- Timokhina, A. V., Prokushkin, A. S., Panov, A. V., Kolosov, R. A., Sidenko, and co-authors, 2018, Interannual Variability of Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations over Central Siberia from ZOTTO Data for 2009—2015, Russ. Meteorol. Hydrol., 43, 288. DOI: 10.3103/S1068373918050023
- Tingey, D.T., M. Manning, L.C. Grothaus, W.F. Burns, 1980, Influence of Light and Temperature on Monoterpene Emission Rates from Slash Pine, Plant Physiol., 65, 797–801. DOI: 10.1104/pp.65.5.797
- Titos, G., Cazorla, A., Zieger, P., Andrews, E., Lyamani, H. and co-authors, 2016, Effect of hygroscopic growth on the aerosol light-scattering coefficient: A review of measurements, techniques, and error sources, Atmos Environ, 141, 494–507. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.07.021
- Toledano, C., V. Cachorro, M. Gausa, K. Stebel, V. Aaltonen, and co-authors, 2012, Overview of sun photometer measurements of aerosol properties in Scandinavia and Svalbard, Atmos Environ, 52, 18–28. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.10.022
- Toledo Machado, L. A., Franco, M. A., Kremper, L. A., Ditas, F., Andreae, M. O., and co-authors, 2021, How weather events modify aerosol particle size distributions in the Amazon boundary layer, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., in review. DOI: 10.5194/acp-2021-314
- Toll, V., Christensen, M., Quaas, J. and N. Bellouin, 2019, Weak average liquid-cloud-water response to anthropogenic aerosols, Nature, 572, 51–55. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1423-9
- Tomaziello, A.C.N., Carvalho, L.M.V. & Gandu, A.W., Intraseasonal variability of the Atlantic Intertropical Convergence Zone during austral summer and winter, Clim Dyn, 47, 1717–1733 (2016). DOI: 10.1007/s00382-015-2929-y
- Tong, H., Zhang, Y., Filippi, A., Wang, T., Li, C., and co-authors, 2019, Radical Formation by Fine Particulate Matter Associated with Highly Oxygenated Molecules, Environ. Sci. Technol., 53, 21, 12506–12518. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05149
- Topping, D.O., Barley, M.H. and McFiggans, G., 2011, The sensitivity of Secondary Organic Aerosol component partitioning to the predictions of component properties – Part 2: Determination of particle hygroscopicity and its dependence on “apparent” volatility, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 7767–7779. DOI: 10.5194/acp-11-7767-2011
- Topping, D. O., and McFiggans, G., 2012, Tight coupling of particle size, number and composition in atmospheric cloud droplet activation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 3253–3260. DOI: 10.5194/acp-12-3253-2012
- Trail, F., Gaffoor, I., and Vogel, S., 2005, Ejection mechanics and trajectory of the ascospores of Gibberella zeae (anamorph Fusarium graminearum), Fungal Genet. Biol., 42, 528–533. DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2005.03.008
- Treat CC, Natali SM, Ernakovich J, Iversen CM, Lupascu M., and co-authors, 2015, A pan-Arctic synthesis of CH4 and CO2 production from anoxic soil incubations. Glob Chang Biol., 21, 7, 2787–2803. DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12875
- Trebs, I., Mayol-Bracero, O. L., Pauliquevis, T., Kuhn, U., Sander, R., and co-authors, 2012, Impact of the Manaus urban plume on trace gas mixing ratios near the surface in the Amazon Basin: Implications for the NO-NO2-O3 photostationary state and peroxy radical levels, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D05307. DOI: 10.1029/2011JD016386
- Trenberth, K.E., Smith, L., Qian, T., Dai, A., and Fasullo, J., 2007. Estimates of the global water budget and its annual cycle using observational and model data. J. Hydrometeorol., 8, 4, 758–769. DOI: 10.1175/JHM600.1
- Trisos, C.H., Merow, C. & Pigot, A.L. 2020, The projected timing of abrupt ecological disruption from climate change. Nature, 580, 496–501. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2189-9
- Trumbore, S., Brando, P., Hartmann, H., 2015. Forest health and global change. Science, 349, 814–818. DOI: 10.1126/science.aac6759
- Tuet, W., Liu, F., Alves, N., Fok, S., Artaxo, P., and co-authors, 2019, Chemical oxidative potential and cellular oxidative stress from biomass burning aerosol, Environmental Science & Technology Letters, 6, 126–132,
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.estlett.9b00060 . DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.9b00060 - Tunved, P., Hansson, H. C., Kerminen, V. M., Strom, J., Dal Maso, M., and co-authors, 2006a, High natural aerosol loading over boreal forests, Science, 312, 261–263. DOI: 10.1126/science.1123052
- Tunved, P., Hansson, H. C., Kulmala, M., Aalto, P., Viisanen, Y., and co-authors, 2003, One year boundary layer aerosol size distribution data from five nordic background stations, Atmos Chem Phys, 3, 2183–2205. DOI: 10.5194/acp-3-2183-2003
- Tunved, P., Korhonen, H., Strom, J., Hansson, H. C., Lehtinen, K. E. J., and Kulmala, M., 2006b, Is nucleation capable of explaining observed aerosol integral number increase during southerly transport over Scandinavia? Tellus B, 58, 129–140. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2006.00176.x
- Turner, J. C. R., and Webster, J., 1995, Mushroom Spores – The Analysis of Bullers Drop, Chem. Eng. Sci., 50, 2359–2360. DOI: 10.1016/0009-2509(95)00097-O
- Twohy, C. H., Clement, C. F., Gandrud, B. W., Weinheimer, A. J., Campos, and co-authors, 2002, Deep convection as a source of new particles in the midlatitude upper troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 21. DOI: 10.1029/2001JD000323
- Twomey, S., 1974, Pollution and the planetary albedo, Atmos Environ, 8, 1251–1256. DOI: 10.1016/0004-6981(74)90004-3
- Twomey, S., 1977, The Influence of Pollution on the Shortwave Albedo of Clouds, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 34, 1149–1152. DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1977)034<;1149:TIOPOT>2.0.CO;2
- Tyukavina, A., Baccini, A., Hansen, M.C., Potapov, P.V., Stehman, S.V. and Co-authors, 2015: Aboveground carbon loss in natural and managed tropical forests from 2000 to 2012. Environ. Res. Lett., 10, 74002–74002. DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/10/7/074002
- Unger, N., K. Harper, Y. Zheng, N.Y. Kiang, I. Aleinov, and co-authors, 2013, Photosynthesis-dependent isoprene emission from leaf to planet in a global carbon-chemistry-climate model, Atmos Chem Phys, 13, 10243–10269. DOI: 10.5194/acp-13-10243-2013
- Vaananen, R., Kyro, E. M., Nieminen, T., Kivekas, N., Junninen, H., and co-authors, 2013, Analysis of particle size distribution changes between three measurement sites in northern Scandinavia, Atmos Chem Phys, 13, 11887–11903. DOI: 10.5194/acp-13-11887-2013
- Väkevä, M., Hämeri, K., and Aalto, P., 2002, Hygroscopic properties of nucleation mode and Aitken mode particles during nucleation bursts and in background air on the west coast of Ireland, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8104. DOI: 10.1029/2000JD000176
- Valentini, R., Arneth, A., Bombelli, A., Castaldi, S., Cazzolla Gatti, R., and co-authors, 2014. A full greenhouse gases budget of Africa: Synthesis, uncertainties, and vulnerabilities, Biogeosciences, 11, 381–407. DOI: 10.5194/bg-11-381-2014
- van der Laan-Luijkx, I. T., van der Velde, I. R., Krol, M. C., Gatti, L. V., Domingues, L. G., and co-authors, 2015, Response of the Amazon carbon balance to the 2010 drought derived with CarbonTracker South America, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 29, 7, 1092–1108. DOI: 10.1002/2014GB005082
- van der Werf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., Giglio, L., Collatz, G. J., Mu, M., and co-authors, 2010, Global fire emissions and the contribution of deforestation, savanna, forest, agricultural, and peat fires (1997–2009), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11707–11735. DOI: 10.5194/acp-10-11707-2010
- van der Werf, G. R., Randerson, J.T., Giglio, L., van Leeuwen, T.T., Chen, Y., and Co-authors, 2017: Global fire emissions estimates during 1997 – 2016, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 9, 697–720. DOI: 10.5194/essd-9-697-2017
- van Marle, M. J. E., R. D. Field, G. R. van der Werf, I. A. Estrada de Wagt, R. A. Houghton, and co-authors, 2017, Fire and deforestation dynamics in Amazonia (1973–2014), Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 31. DOI: 10.1002/2016GB005445
- Vancutsem, C., Achard, F., Pekel, J.-F., Vieilledent, G., Carboni, S., and co-authors, 2021, Long-term (1990–2019) monitoring of forest cover changes in the humid tropics, Sci. Adv., 7, 10,
eabe1603 . DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe1603 - Vanhatalo, A., T. Chan, J. Aalto, J.F. Korhonen, P. Kolari, and co-authors, 2015, Tree water relations can trigger monoterpene emissions from Scots pine stems during spring recovery. Biogeosciences, 12, 5353–5363. DOI: 10.5194/bg-12-5353-2015
- Vanhatalo, A., Ghirardo, A., Juurola, E., Schnitzler, J.-P., Zimmer, I., and co-authors, 2018, Long-term dynamics of monoterpene synthase activities, monoterpene storage pools and emissions in boreal Scots pine, Biogeosciences, 15, 16, 5047–5060. DOI: 10.5194/bg-15-5047-2018
- Veraverbeke, S., B. M. Rogers, M. L. Goulden, R. R. Jandt, C. E. Miller, and co-authors, 2017, Lightning as a major driver of recent large fire years in North American boreal forests, Nat. Clim. Change, 7, 529. DOI: 10.1038/nclimate3329
- Vesala, T., Haataja, J., Aalto, P., Altimir, N., Buzorius, G., and co-authors, 1998, Long-term field measurements of atmosphere-surface interactions in boreal forest combining forest ecology, micrometeorology, aerosol particle size and composition distribution with aerosol physics and atmospheric chemistry, Trends in Heat, Mass & Momentum Transfer, 4, 17–35.
- Vestenius M., Hellén H., Levula J., Kuronen P., Helminen K.J., and co-authors, 2014, Acidic reaction products of mono- and sesquiterpenes in atmospheric fine particles in a boreal forest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 7883–7893. DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-7883-2014
- Virkkula, A., Backman, J., Aalto, P. P., Hulkkonen, M., Riuttanen, L., and co-authors., 2011, Seasonal cycle, size dependencies, and source analyses of aerosol optical properties at the SMEAR II measurement station in Hyytiälä, Finland, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 4445–4468. DOI: 10.5194/acp-11-4445-2011
- Virkkula, A., Levula, J., Pohja, T., Aalto, P.P., Keronen, P., and co-authors, 2014a, Prescribed burning of logging slash in the boreal forest in Finland: emissions and effects on meteorological quantities and soil properties, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 4473–4502. DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-4473-2014
- Virkkula, A., Pohja, T., Aalto, P.P., Keronen, P., Schobesberger, S., and co-authors, 2014b, Airborne measurements of aerosols and carbon dioxide during a prescribed fire experiment at a boreal forest site, Boreal Environ. Res., 19B, 153–181.
- Virtanen, A., Joutsensaari, J., Koop, T., Kannosto, J., Yli-Pirila, P., and co-authors, 2010, An amorphous solid state of biogenic secondary organic aerosol particles, Nature, 467, 824–827. DOI: 10.1038/nature09455
- Vivchar, A.V., Moiseenko, K.B., Shumskii, R.A. and co-authors, 2009, Izv. Atmos. Ocean. Phys., 45, 302. DOI: 10.1134/S0001433809030049
- von Randow, C., Manzi, A.O.O., Kruijt, B., Oliveira, P.J.C., Zanchi, F.B.B., and co-authors, 2004, Comparative measurements and seasonal variations in energy and carbon exchange over forest and pasture in Southwest Amazonia, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 78, 5–26. DOI: 10.1007/s00704-004-0041-z
- von Randow, C., Zeri, M., Restrepo-Coupe, N., Muza, M.N., de Gonçalves, L.G.G., and co-authors, 2013, Inter-annual variability of carbon and water fluxes in Amazonian forest, Cerrado and pasture sites, as simulated by terrestrial biosphere models. Agric. For. Meteorol., 182, 145–155. DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.05.015
- Wang, D., Giangrande, S. E., Bartholomew, M. J., Hardin, J., Feng, Z., and co-authors, 2018, The Green Ocean: precipitation insights from the GoAmazon2014/5 experiment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 9121–9145. DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-9121-2018
- Wang, J., Krejci, R., Giangrande, S., Kuang, C., Barbosa, H. M. J., and co-authors, 2016, Amazon boundary layer aerosol concentration sustained by vertical transport during rainfall, Nature, 539, 7629, 416–419. DOI: 10.1038/nature19819
- Wang, X., S. Piao, P. Ciais, P. Friedlingstein, R. B. Myneni, and co-authors, 2014, A two-fold increase of carbon cycle sensitivity to tropical temperature variations. Nature, 506, 212–215. DOI: 10.1038/nature12915
- Wang, Q., Saturno, J., Chi, X., Walter, D., Lavric, J., and co-authors, 2016, Modeling investigation of light absorbing aerosols in the central Amazon during the wet season. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 14775–14794, 2016. DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-14775-2016
- Wang, H., Tetzlaff, D., Dick, J.J. and Soulsby, C., 2017. Assessing the environmental controls on Scots pine transpiration and the implications for water partitioning in a boreal headwater catchment. Agric. For. Meteorol., 240–241, 58–66. DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.04.002
- Warneke, C., S.L. Luxembourg, J.A. de Gouw, H.J.I. Rinne, A.B. Guenther & R. Fall, 2002, Disjunct eddy covariance measurements of oxygenated volatile organic compound fluxes from an alfalfa field before and after cutting. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 107, D8, 4067. DOI: 10.1029/2001JD000594
- Weber, J., Archer-Nicholls, S., Abraham, N. L., Shin, Y. M., Bannan, T. J., and co-authors, 2021, Improvements to the representation of BVOC chemistry–climate interactions in UKCA (v11.5) with the CRI-Strat 2 mechanism: incorporation and evaluation, Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 8, 5239–5268. DOI: 10.5194/gmd-14-5239-2021
- Webster, J., and Weber, R. W. S., 2007:
Introduction to fungi , 3rd edition ed., Cambridge University Press, New York. - Wei D, Fuentes JD, Gerken T, Trowbridge AM, Stoy PC, Chamecki M. 2019. Influences of nitrogen oxides and isoprene on ozone-temperature relationships in the Amazon rain forest. Atmos Environ 206, 280–292. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.02.044
- Wendisch, M., Pöschl, U., Andreae, M. O., Machado, L. A. T., Albrecht, R., and co-authors, 2016, The ACRIDICON-CHUVA campaign: Studying tropical deep convective clouds and precipitation over Amazonia using the new German research aircraft HALO. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 97, 10, 1885–1908. DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00255.1
- White, B., E. Gryspeerdt, P. Stier, H. Morrison, G. Thompson, and Z. Kipling, 2017, Uncertainty from the choice of microphysics scheme in convection-permitting models significantly exceeds aerosol effects, Atmos Chem Phys, 17, 19, 12145–12175. DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-12145-2017
- Whitehead, J., Darbyshire, E., Brito, J., Barbosa, H., Crawford, I., and co-authors, 2016, Biogenic cloud nuclei in the central Amazon during the transition from wet to dry season, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 9727–9743. DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-9727-2016
- Whitehead, J. D., Gallagher, M. W., Dorsey, J. R., Robinson, N., Gabey, A. M., and co-authors, 2010, Aerosol fluxes and dynamics within and above a tropical rainforest in South-East Asia, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 9369–9382. DOI: 10.5194/acp-10-9369-2010
- Wiedensohler, A., N. Ma, W. Birmili, J. Heintzenberg, F. Ditas, and co-authors, 2019, Infrequent new particle formation over the remote boreal forest of Siberia. Atmospheric Environment, 200, 1, 167–169. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.12.013
- Williams, J., J. Crowley, H. Fischer, H. Harder, M. Martinez, and co-authors, 2011. The summertime Boreal Forest field measurement intensive (HUMPPA- COPEC-2010): an overview of meteorological and chemical influences. Atmos Chem Phys, 11, 20, 10599–10618. DOI: 10.5194/acp-11-10599-2011
- Williams, C.A., Gu, H., MacLean, R., Masek, J.G. and Collatz, G.J., 2016. Disturbance and the carbon balance of US forests: A quantitative review of impacts from harvests, fires, insects, and droughts. Global and Planetary Change, 143, 66–80. DOI: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.06.002
- Williams, C.A., Reichstein, M., Buchmann, N., Baldocchi, D., Beer, C., and co-authors, 2012, Climate and vegetation controls on the surface water balance: Synthesis of evapotranspiration measured across a global network of flux towers. Water Resour. Res., 48, 5. DOI: 10.1029/2011WR011586
- Williams, E., Rosenfeld, D., Madden, N., Gerlach, J., Gears, N., and co-authors, 2002, Contrasting convective regimes over the Amazon: Implications for cloud electrification, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8082. DOI: 10.1029/2001JD000380
- Williams, E. R., and Sátori, G., 2004, Lightning, thermodynamic and hydrological comparison of the two tropical continental chimneys, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 66, 1213–1231. DOI: 10.1016/j.jastp.2004.05.015
- Williamson, C.J., Kupc, A., Axisa, D. and co-authors, 2019, A large source of cloud condensation nuclei from new particle formation in the tropics. Nature, 574, 399–403. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1638-9
- Wilson, C., M. Gloor, L. V. Gatti, J. B. Miller, S. A. Monks, and co-authors, 2016, Contribution of regional sources to atmospheric methane over the Amazon Basin in 2010 and 2011, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 30, 400–420. DOI: 10.1002/2015GB005300
- Wimmer, D., Buenrostro Mazon, S., Manninen, H. E., Kangasluoma, J., Franchin, A., and co-authors. 2018. Ground-based observation of clusters and nucleation mode particles in the Amazon, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 13245–13264. DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-13245-2018
- Winderlich, J., Chen, H., Gerbig, C., Seifert, T., Kolle, O., and co-authors, 2010. Continuous low-maintenance CO2/CH4/H2O measurements at the Zotino Tall Tower Observatory (ZOTTO) in Central Siberia. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 3, 4, 1113–1128. DOI: 10.5194/amt-3-1113-2010
- Winderlich, J., Gerbig, C., Kolle, O., Heimann, M., 2014, Inferences from CO2 and CH4 concentration profiles at the Zotino Tall Tower Observatory (ZOTTO) on regional summertime ecosystem fluxes. Biogeosciences, 11, 7, 2055–2068. DOI: 10.5194/bg-11-2055-2014
- Womack, A. M., Artaxo, P. E., Ishida, F. Y., Mueller, R. C., Saleska, S. R., and co-authors, 2015, Characterization of active and total fungal communities in the atmosphere over the Amazon rainforest, Biogeosciences, 12, 6337–6349. DOI: 10.5194/bg-12-6337-2015
- World Resources Institute – WRI, 2021 – Global Forest Pulse (
https://research.wri.org/gfr/forest-pulse ). Accessed on October 10, 2021. - Wotton, B M, M D Flannigan, and G. A. Marshall, 2017, Potential climate change impacts on fire intensity and key wildfire suppression thresholds in Canada. Environ. Res. Lett., 12, 095003. DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/aa7e6e
- Yamasoe, M. A., P. Artaxo, A. H. Miguel, A. G. Allen, 2000, Chemical composition of aerosol particles from direct emissions of biomass burning in the Amazon Basin: water-soluble species and trace elements. Atmospheric Environment, 34, 1641–1653. DOI: 10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00329-5
- Yan, C., J. Crowley, H. Fischer, H. Harder, M. Martinez, and co-authors, 2016, Source characterization of highly oxidized multifunctional compounds in a boreal forest environment using positive matrix factorization, Atmos Chem Phys, 16, 19, 12715–12731. DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-12715-2016
- Yan, C., Dada, L., Rose, C., Jokinen, T., Nie, W., and co-authors. 2018. The role of H2SO4-NH3 anion clusters in ion-induced aerosol nucleation mechanisms in the boreal forest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 13231–13243. DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-13231-2018
- Yáñez-Serrano, A.M., Bourtsoukidis, E., Alves, E., Bauwens, M., Stavrakou, T., and co-authors, 2020, Amazonian BVOC emissions under global change: a review of current research, and future directions Journal, Global Change Biology, 26, 9, 4722–4751. DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15185
- Yáñez-Serrano AM, Fasbender L, Kreuzwieser J, Dubbert D, Haberstroh S, and co-authors, 2018b. Volatile diterpene emission by two Mediterranean Cistaceae shrubs. Scientific Reports, 8, 6855. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25056-w
- Yáñez-Serrano, A. M., Nölscher, A. C., Bourtsoukidis, E., Gomes Alves, E., Ganzeveld, L., and co-authors, 2018a, Monoterpene chemical speciation in a tropical rainforest variation with season, height, and time of day at the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 5, 3403–3418. DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-3403-2018
- Yáñez-Serrano, A. M., Nölscher, A. C., Williams, J., Wolff, S., Alves, E. G., and co-authors, 2015, Diel and seasonal changes of biogenic volatile organic compounds within and above an Amazonian rainforest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 6, 3359–3378. DOI: 10.5194/acp-15-3359-2015
- Yang, Y., Saatchi, S. S., Xu, L., Yu, Y., Choi, S., and co-authors, 2018. Post-drought declines of the Amazon carbon sink, Nature Communications, 9, 3172. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05668-6
- Yang Y, Shao M, Wang X, Nölscher AC, Kessel S, Guenther A, Williams J. 2016. Towards a quantitative understanding of total OH reactivity: A review. Atmos Environ, 134, 147–161. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.03.010
- Yee, L. D., Isaacman-VanWertz, G., Wernis, R., Kreisberg, N.M., Glasius, M., 2020, Natural and anthropogenically-influenced isoprene oxidation in the Southeastern U.S.A. and central Amazon, Environ. Sci. Technol., 54, 10, 5980–5991. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00805
- Yee, L. D., Isaacman-VanWertz, G., Wernis, R. A., Meng, M., Rivera, V., and co-authors, 2018, Observations of sesquiterpenes and their oxidation products in central Amazonia during the wet and dry seasons, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 14, 10433–10457. DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-10433-2018
- Yin J., 2005, A consistent poleward shift of the storm tracks in simulations of the 21st century climate. Geophys Res Lett, 32, L18701. DOI: 10.1029/2005GL023684
- Yingjun L., J. Brito, M. Dorris, J. C. Rivera-Rios, R. Seco, and co-authors, 2016, Isoprene Photochemistry over the Amazon Rain Forest. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A, 113, 22, 6125–6130. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1524136113
- Yingjun L., R. Seco, S. Kim, A. Guenther, A. H. Goldstein, and co-authors, 2018, Isoprene photo-oxidation products quantify the effect of pollution on hydroxyl radicals over Amazonia. Sciences Advances, 4, 4,
eaar2547 , 2018. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aar2547 - Yli-Juuti, T., T. Nieminen, A. Hirsikko, P.P. Aalto, E. Asmi, and co-authors, 2011, Growth rates of nucleation mode particles in Hyytiälä during 2003–2009: variation with particle size, season, data analysis method and ambient conditions. Atmos Chem Phys, 11, 12865–12886. DOI: 10.5194/acp-11-12865-2011
- Yli-Panula E., Fekedulegn D.B., Green B.G. & Ranta H., 2009, Analysis of airborne Betula pollen in Finland, a 31-year perspective, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 6, 1706–1723. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph6061706
- Yttri, K. E., Simpson, D. J., Nojgaard, J.K., Kristensen, K., Genberg, J., and co-authors, 2011, Source apportionment of the summertime carbonaceous aerosol at Nordic rural background sites. Atmos Chem Phys, 11, 13339–13357. DOI: 10.5194/acp-11-13339-2011
- Yu, Z., Wang, J., Liu, S., Piao, S., Ciais, P., Running S.W., and co-authors, 2016, Decrease in winter respiration explains 25% of the annual northern forest carbon sink enhancement over the last 30 years. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 25, 5, 586–595. DOI: 10.1111/geb.12441
- Yu, F., Wang, Z., Luo, G., and Turco, R., 2008, Ion-mediated nucleation as an important global source of tropospheric aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2537–2554. DOI: 10.5194/acp-8-2537-2008
- Yuan, W., Zheng, Y., Piao, S., Ciais, P., Lombardozzi, D., Wang, Y, and co-authors, 2019, Increased atmospheric vapor pressure deficit reduces global vegetation growth, Sci. Adv., 5,
eaax1396 . DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax1396 - Yue, C., Ciais, P., Zhu, D., Wang, T., Peng, S., and co-authors, 2016. How have past fire disturbances contributed to the current carbon balance of boreal ecosystems? Biogeosciences, 13, 3, 675–690. DOI: 10.5194/bg-13-675-2016
- Zemp, D. C., Schleussner, C. F., Barbosa, H. M. J., and Rammig, A., 2017, Deforestation effects on Amazon forest resilience, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 6182–6190. DOI: 10.1002/2017GL072955
- Zemp, D. C., Schleussner, C. F., Barbosa, H. M. J., van der Ent, R. J., Donges, J. F., and co-authors, 2014, On the importance of cascading moisture recycling in South America, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 13, 337–359. DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-13337-2014
- Zeri, M., Sá, L.D.A., Manzi, A.O., Araújo, A.C., Aguiar, R.G., and co-authors, 2014, Variability of carbon and water fluxes following climate extremes over a tropical forest in southwestern Amazonia. PLoS One, 9. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088130
- Zhang, T., R. G. Barry, K. Knowles, J. A. Heginbottom & J. Brown, 1999, Statistics and characteristics of permafrost and ground-ice distribution in the Northern Hemisphere, Polar Geography, 23, 2, 132–154. DOI: 10.1080/10889379909377670
- Zhang, F., Wang, Y., Peng, J., Ren, J., Collins, D., 2017, Uncertainty in predicting CCN activity of aged and primary aerosols. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 122, 723–11,736. DOI: 10.1002/2017JD027058
- Zhao, D.F., Buchholz, A., Kortner, B., Schlag, P., Rubach, F., and co-authors, 2016, Cloud condensation nuclei activity, droplet growth kinetics, and hygroscopicity of biogenic and anthropogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 1105–1121. DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-1105-2016
- Zhao, B., Shrivastava, M., Donahue, N.M., Gordon, H., Schervish, M., and co-authors, 2020, High concentration of ultrafine particles in the Amazon free troposphere produced by organic new particle formation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A, 117, 41, 25344–25351. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2006716117
- Zhou, P., Ganzeveld, L., Rannik, Ü., Zhou, L., Gierens, R., and co-authors, 2017, Simulating ozone dry deposition at a boreal forest with a multi-layer canopy deposition model, Atmos Chem Phys, 17, 2, 1361–1379. DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-1361-2017
- Zhou, J. C., Swietlicki, E., Hansson, H. C., and Artaxo, P., 2002, Submicrometer aerosol particle size distribution and hygroscopic growth measured in the Amazon rain forest during the wet season, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, D20, 8055. DOI: 10.1029/2000JD000203
- Zhu, J., Penner, J. E., Yu, F., Sillman, S., Andreae, M. O., and Coe, H., 2019, Decrease in radiative forcing by organic aerosol nucleation, climate, and land use change, Nature Communications, 10, 423. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08407-7
- Zhu, T., D. Wang, R.L. Desjardins, J.I. Macpherson, 1999, Aircraft-based volatile organic compounds flux measurements with relaxed eddy accumulation, Atmos. Environ., 33, 1969–1979. DOI: 10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00098-3
- Zhuang, Q., Lu, Y., Chen, M., 2012, An inventory of global N2O emissions from the soils of natural terrestrial ecosystems. Atmos. Environ., 47, 66–75. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.11.036
- Zieger, P, Aalto, P. P., Aaltonen, V., Äijälä, M., Backman, J., and co-authors, 2015. Low hygroscopic scattering enhancement of boreal aerosol and the implications for a columnar optical closure study. Atmos Chem Phys, 15, 13, 7247–7267. DOI: 10.5194/acp-15-7247-2015
- Zieger, P., Fierz-Schmidhauser, R., Gysel, M., Ström, J., Henne, S. and co-authors. 2010. Effects of relative humidity on aerosol light scattering in the Arctic. Atmos Chem Phys, 10, 8, 3875–3890. DOI: 10.5194/acp-10-3875-2010
- Zieger, P., Fierz-Schmidhauser, R., Poulain, L., Müller, T., Birmili, W and co-authors., E., 2014. Influence of water uptake on the aerosol particle light scattering coefficients of the Central European aerosol. Tellus B Chem Phys Meteorol, 66, 1, 22716. DOI: 10.3402/tellusb.v66.22716
- Zieger, P., Fierz-Schmidhauser, R., Weingartner, E. and Baltensperger, U., 2013. Effects of relative humidity on aerosol light scattering: results from different European sites. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 21, 10609–10631. DOI: 10.5194/acp-13-10609-2013
- Zieger, P., Weingartner, E., Henzing, J., Moerman, M., de Leeuw, G., and co-authors, 2011, Comparison of ambient aerosol extinction coefficients obtained from in-situ, MAX-DOAS and LIDAR measurements at Cabauw, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 2603–2624. DOI: 10.5194/acp-11-2603-2011
- Zimmerman, P. R., Greenberg, J. P., and Westberg, C. E., 1988, Measurements of Atmospheric Hydrocarbons and Biogenic Emission Fluxes in the Amazon Boundary-Layer, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 93, 1407–1416. DOI: 10.1029/JD093iD02p01407
- Zona, D., Gioli, B., Commane, R., Lindaas, J., Wofsy, S.W., 2016, Cold season emissions dominate the Arctic tundra methane budget. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A, 113, 1, 40–45. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1516017113
- Zuidema, P., Sedlacek, A. J., Flynn, C., Springston, S., Delgadillo, R., Zhang, J., and co-authors, 2018, The Ascension Island boundary layer in the remote southeast Atlantic is often smoky. Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 4456–4465. DOI: 10.1002/2017GL076926
DOI: https://doi.org/10.16993/tellusb.34 | Journal eISSN: 1600-0889
Language: English
Page range: 24 - 163
Submitted on: Feb 15, 2022
Accepted on: Feb 15, 2022
Published on: Mar 25, 2022
Published by: Stockholm University Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Keywords:
© 2022 Paulo Artaxo, Hans-Christen Hansson, Meinrat O. Andreae, Jaana Bäck, Eliane Gomes Alves, Henrique M. J. Barbosa, Frida Bender, Efstratios Bourtsoukidis, Samara Carbone, Jinshu Chi, Stefano Decesari, Viviane R. Després, Florian Ditas, Ekaterina Ezhova, Sandro Fuzzi, Niles J. Hasselquist, Jost Heintzenberg, Bruna A. Holanda, Alex Guenther, Hannele Hakola, Liine Heikkinen, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Jenni Kontkanen, Radovan Krejci, Markku Kulmala, Jost V. Lavric, Gerrit de Leeuw, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Luiz Augusto T. Machado, Gordon McFiggans, Marco Aurelio M. Franco, Bruno Backes Meller, Fernando G. Morais, Claudia Mohr, William Morgan, Mats B. Nilsson, Matthias Peichl, Tuukka Petäjä, Maria Praß, Christopher Pöhlker, Mira L. Pöhlker, Ulrich Pöschl, Celso Von Randow, Ilona Riipinen, Janne Rinne, Luciana V. Rizzo, Daniel Rosenfeld, Maria A. F. Silva Dias, Larisa Sogacheva, Philip Stier, Erik Swietlicki, Matthias Sörgel, Peter Tunved, Aki Virkkula, Jian Wang, Bettina Weber, Ana Maria Yáñez-Serrano, Paul Zieger, Eugene Mikhailov, James N. Smith, Jürgen Kesselmeier, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.