Table 1
List of conducted experiments with interactive leaves defined by their initial values of LAI, of soil moisture, and of soil saturation.
| EXPERIMENT NAME | LAI0(m2 m–2) | θ0 (m3 m–3) | θ0 (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| INT_LAI04_SM27 | 0.4 | 0.10 | 27 |
| INT_LAI04_SM41 | 0.4 | 0.15 | 41 |
| INT_LAI04_SM54 | 0.4 | 0.20 | 54 |
| INT_LAI04_SM68 | 0.4 | 0.25 | 68 |
| INT_LAI04_SM81 | 0.4 | 0.30 | 81 |
| INT_LAI04_SM95 | 0.4 | 0.35 | 95 |
| INT_LAI30_SM27 | 3.0 | 0.10 | 27 |
| INT_LAI30_SM41 | 3.0 | 0.15 | 41 |
| INT_LAI30_SM54 | 3.0 | 0.20 | 54 |
| INT_LAI30_SM68 | 3.0 | 0.25 | 68 |
| INT_LAI30_SM81 | 3.0 | 0.30 | 81 |
| INT_LAI30_SM95 | 3.0 | 0.35 | 95 |
Table 2
List of conducted sensitivity experiments.
| EXPERIMENT NAME | VARIABLE THAT HAS FIXED LAI AT 0.4m2 m–2 |
|---|---|
| INT_LAI04_SM54_gc | gc, canopy conductance |
| INT_LAI04_SM54_cv | Cv, vegetation fraction |
| INT_LAI04_SM54_a | α, albedo |
Figure 1
Time series of (a) the difference between evapotranspiration (ET, mm day–1) and precipitation (P, mm day–1), and (b) surface temperature (Ts, K) for INT_LAI30_SM27 (gray), INT_LAI30_SM41 (yellow), and INT_LAI30_SM54 (green).
Figure 2
(a) Leaf area index (LAI, m2 m–2), (b) evapotranspiration (ET, mm day–1), and (c) surface temperature (Ts, K) as a function of initial soil saturation (θ0, %) at equilibrium for INT_LAI04_SMxx (light green circles), INT_LAI30_SMxx (dark green squares), FIX_LAI04_SMxx (light red triangles), and FIX_LAI30_SMxx (dark red triangles). The gray area indicates the sparsely vegetated equilibrium category.
Figure 3
Same as Figure 2 but for (a) transpiration (Tr, mm day–1) and (b) bare soil evaporation (Eb, mm day–1).
Figure 4
Same as Figure 2 but for (a) cloud water path (CWP, mm) and (b) surface net radiation (Rn, W m–2) only for the simulations with interactive leaves.
Figure 5
Differences in evapotranspiration, transpiration and bare soil evaporation between INT_LAI04_SM54 and FIX_LAI04_SM54, denoted as FIX04 on the x-axis, as well as the differences between INT_LAI04_SM54 and the three sensitivity experiments INT_LAI04_SM54_gc, INT_LAI04_SM54_cv, INT_LAI04_SM54_a, denoted gc, Cv and α on the x-axis.
Figure A1
Domain mean profiles of (a) potential temperature and (b) specific humidity at the initial time (dashed line) and at 6 hours for total turbulent energy scheme denoted TTE (blue line), 3D Smagorinsky scheme in the NWP version denoted NWP (black), and the newly implemented 3D Smagorinsky scheme denoted SMA (red).
Figure A2
Time series of (a, b, and c) resolved and (d, e, and f) sub-grid scale heat flux (shading, W m–2) using (a, d) total turbulent energy scheme, (b, e) 3D Smagorinsky scheme in the NWP physics package, and (c, f) the newly implemented 3D Smagorinsky scheme.