The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and its Hypothetical Collapse
By: Fabien Roquet and Carl Wunsch
References
- Arbic, BK, Mller, M, Richman, JG, Shriver, JF, Morten, AJ, Scott, RB, Srazin, G and Penduff, T. 2014. Geostrophic Turbulence in the Frequency Wavenumber Domain: Eddy-Driven Low-Frequency Variability. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 44(8): 2050–2069. DOI: 10.1175/JPO-D-13-054.1
- Bellomo, K, Angeloni, M, Corti, S and von Hardenberg, J. 2021. Future climate change shaped by inter-model differences in Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation response. Nature Communications, 12(1): 3659. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24015-w
- Bjerknes, J. 1964.
Atlantic Air-Sea Interaction . In: Landsberg, HE and Van Mieghem, J (eds.), Advances in Geophysics, 10: 1–82. Elsevier. DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2687(08)60005-9 - Boers, N. 2021. Observation-based early-warning signals for a collapse of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. Nature Climate Change, 11(8): 680–688. DOI: 10.1038/s41558-021-01097-4
- Bower, AS, Lozier, MS, Gary, SF and Böning, CW. 2009. Interior pathways of the North Atlantic Meridional Overturning circulation. Nature, 459(7244): 243–247. DOI: 10.1038/nature07979
- Broecker, WS. 1987. Unpleasant surprises in the greenhouse? Nature, 328(6126): 123–126. DOI: 10.1038/328123a0
- Buckley, MW and Marshall, J. 2016. Observations, inferences, and mechanisms of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation: A review. Reviews of Geophysics, 54(1): 5–63. DOI: 10.1002/2015RG000493
- Caesar, L, McCarthy, GD, Thornalley, DJR, Cahill, N and Rahmstorf, S. 2021. Current Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation weakest in last millennium. Nature Geoscience, 14(3): 118–120. DOI: 10.1038/s41561-021-00699-z
- Chen, X and Tung, K-K. 2018. Global surface warming enhanced by weak Atlantic overturning circulation. Nature, 559(7714): 387–391. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0320-y
- Cronin, TM. 2009. Paleoclimates: Understanding Climate Change Past and Present. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-51636-5.
- Ferrari, R and Wunsch, C. 2009. Ocean Circulation Kinetic Energy: Reservoirs, Sources, and Sinks. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 41: 253–282. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.fluid.40.111406.102139
- Frajka-Williams, E, Ansorge, IJ, Baehr, J, Bryden, HL, Chidichimo, MP, Cunningham, SA, Danabasoglu, G, Dong, S, Donohue, KA, Elipot, S, Heimbach, P, Holliday, NP, Hummels, R, Jackson, LC, Karstensen, J, Lankhorst, M, Le Bras, IA, Lozier, MS, McDonagh, EL, Meinen, CS, Mercier, H, Moat, BI, Perez, RC, Piecuch, CG, Rhein, M, Srokosz, MA, Trenberth, KE, Bacon, S, Forget, G, Goni, G, Kieke, D, Koelling, J, Lamont, T, Mc-Carthy, GD, Mertens, C, Send, U, Smeed, DA, Speich, S, van den Berg, M, Volkov, D and Wilson, C. 2019. Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation: Observed Transport and Variability. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6: 260. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00260
- Fraser, NJ and Cunningham, SA. 2021. 120 Years of AMOC Variability Reconstructed From Observations Using the Bernoulli Inverse. Geophysical Research Letters, 48(18): e2021GL093893. DOI: 10.1029/2021GL093893
- Gordon, AL. 1986. Interocean exchange of thermocline water. J. Geophys. Res., 91: 5037–5046. DOI: 10.1029/JC091iC04p05037
- Hansen, B, Hsgar Larsen, KM, Htn, H and Sterhus, S. 2016. A stable Faroe Bank Channel overflow 1995–2015. Ocean Science, 12(6): 1205–1220. DOI: 10.5194/os-12-1205-2016
- Keil, P, Mauritsen, T, Jungclaus, J, Hedemann, C, Olonscheck, D and Ghosh, R. 2020. Multiple drivers of the North Atlantic warming hole. Nature Climate Change, 10(7): 667–671. DOI: 10.1038/s41558-020-0819-8
- Kilbourne, KH, Wanamaker, AD, Moffa-Sanchez, P, Reynolds, DJ, Amrhein, DE, Butler, PG, Gebbie, G, Goes, M, Jansen, MF, Little, CM, Mette, M, Moreno-Chamarro, E, Ortega, P, Otto-Bliesner, BL, Rossby, T, Scourse, J and Whitney, NM. 2022. Atlantic circulation change still uncertain. Nature Geoscience, pages 1–3. DOI: 10.1038/s41561-022-00896-4
- Kostov, Y, Johnson, HL, Marshall, DP, Heimbach, P, Forget, G, Holliday, NP, Lozier, MS, Li, F, Pillar, HR and Smith, T. 2021. Distinct sources of interannual subtropical and subpolar Atlantic overturning variability. Nature Geoscience, 14(7): 491–495. DOI: 10.1038/s41561-021-00759-4
- Latif, M, Sun, J, Visbeck, M and Hadi Bordbar, M. May 2022. Natural variability has dominated Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation since 1900. Nature Climate Change, 12(5): 455–460. DOI: 10.1038/s41558-022-01342-4
- Lee, S-K, Lumpkin, R, Baringer, MO, Meinen, CS, Goes, M, Dong, S, Lopez, H and Yeager, SG. 2019. Global Meridional Overturning Circulation Inferred From a Data-Constrained Ocean & Sea-Ice Model. Geophysical Research Letters, 46(3): 1521–1530. DOI: 10.1029/2018GL080940
- Li, L, Lozier, MS and Li, F. 2021. Century-long cooling trend in subpolar North Atlantic forced by atmosphere: an alternative explanation. Climate Dynamics. DOI: 10.1007/s00382-021-06003-4
- Lynch-Stieglitz, J. 2021. The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and Abrupt Climate Change. Annual Review of Marine Science, 9(1): 83–104. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-010816-060415
- Nummelin, A, Li, C and Hezel, PJ. 2017. Connecting ocean heat transport changes from the midlatitudes to the Arctic Ocean. Geophysical Research Letters, 44(4): 1899–1908. DOI: 10.1002/2016GL071333
- Pedlosky, J. 1996. Ocean Circulation Theory. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-540-60489-1. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-03204-6_1
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact. 2021. Gulf Stream System at its weakest in over a millennium. URL
https://phys.org/news/2021-02-gulf-stream-weakest-millennium.html . - Rahmstorf, S. 2000. The Thermohaline Ocean Circulation: A System with Dangerous Thresholds? Climatic Change, 46(3): 247–256. DOI: 10.1023/A:1005648404783
- Richardson, PL. 1985. Average velocity and transport of the Gulf Stream near 55W. Journal of Marine Research, 43(1): 83–111. DOI: 10.1357/002224085788437343
- Rossby, T, Chafik, L and Houpert, L. 2020. What can Hydrography Tell Us About the Strength of the Nordic Seas MOC Over the Last 70 to 100 Years? Geophysical Research Letters, 47(12):
e2020GL087456 . DOI: 10.1029/2020GL087456 - Sgubin, G, Swingedouw, D, Drijfhout, S, Mary, Y and Bennabi, A. 2017. Abrupt cooling over the North Atlantic in modern climate models. Nature Communications, 8(1): 14375. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14375
- Stommel, H. 1948. Theoretical physical oceanography. Yale Scientific Magazine, 14: 16.
- Stouffer, RJ, Yin, J, Gregory, JM, Dixon, KW, Spelman, MJ, Hurlin, W, Weaver, AJ, Eby, M, Flato, GM, Hasumi, H, Hu, A, Jungclaus, JH, Kamenkovich, IV, Levermann, A, Montoya, M, Murakami, S, Nawrath, S, Oka, A, Peltier, WR, Robitaille, DY, Sokolov, A, Vettoretti, G and Weber, SL. 2006. Investigating the Causes of the Response of the Thermohaline Circulation to Past and Future Climate Changes. Journal of Climate, 19(8): 1365–1387. DOI: 10.1175/JCLI3689.1
- Weijer, W, Cheng, W, Drijfhout, SS, Fedorov, AV, Hu, A, Jackson, LC, Liu, W, McDonagh, EL, Mecking, JV and Zhang, J. 2019. Stability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation: A Review and Synthesis. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 124(8): 5336–5375. DOI: 10.1029/2019JC015083
- Wunsch, C and Heimbach, P. 2013. Two Decades of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation: Anatomy, Variations, Extremes, Prediction, and Overcoming Its Limitations. Journal of Climate, 26. DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00478.1
- Wunsch, C, Schmitt, RW and Baker, DJ. 2013. Climate change as an intergenerational problem. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(12): 4435–4436. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1302536110
DOI: https://doi.org/10.16993/tellusa.679 | Journal eISSN: 3035-9554
Language: English
Page range: 393 - 398
Submitted on: Aug 23, 2022
Accepted on: Aug 29, 2022
Published on: Nov 7, 2022
Published by: Stockholm University Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Keywords:
© 2022 Fabien Roquet, Carl Wunsch, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.