Table 1
Cluster solutions.
| Number of Clusters | Schwarz’s Bayesian Criterion (BIC) | BIC ChangeI | Ratio of Distance MeasuresII |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5563 | ||
| 2 | 4841 | –722 | 1,39 |
| 3 | 4354 | –487 | 1,80 |
| 4 | 4132 | –222 | 1,14 |
| 5 | 3951 | –181 | 1,34 |
| 6 | 3844 | –107 | 1,04 |
| 7 | 3746 | –99 | 1,61 |
| 8 | 3726 | –20 | 1,28 |
| 9 | 3734 | 9 | 1,04 |
| 10 | 3747 | 13 | 1,10 |
| 11 | 3768 | 21 | 1,10 |
| 12 | 3797 | 29 | 1,07 |
| 13 | 3832 | 34 | 1,02 |
| 14 | 3867 | 36 | 1,03 |
| 15 | 3905 | 38 | 1,04 |
[i] I. The changes are from the previous number of clusters in the table.
II. The ratios of distance measures are based on the current number of clusters in relation to the previous number of clusters. A high number indicates that the clusters are well separated.
Table 2
Cluster mean rating of motives for working part-time.
| Solely caring for children (A) | Caring for children. Demanding lives (B) | Demanding jobs (C) | Demanding lives (D) | Caring for family member (E) | Community engagement (F) | Studying (G) | Two jobs (H) | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full-time work is too demanding, physically or mentally | 1.1 | 2.6 A | 3.9 A B G | 4.4 A B C E G H | 3.7 A B | 4.1 A B G H | 3.3 A B | 3.5 A B | 3.5 |
| More own time (e.g. for exercise, hobbies, friends, relaxing) | 1.1 | 2.4 A | 3.6 A B G | 4.4 A B C E G H | 3.9 A B G H | 4.3 A B C G H | 3.0 A B | 3.2 A B | 3.4 |
| More time with children living at home | 5.0 C D E F G H | 4.9 C D E F G H | 1.3 | 2.3 C | 2.7 C | 2.7 C | 3.2 C D H | 2.3 C | 3.0 |
| Managing all household work (e.g. cooking, cleaning, repairs, and maintenance) | 1.1 | 3.3 A C H E G | 1.3 | 3.7 A B C E F G H | 2.8 AC | 3.2 A C H | 2.8 A C | 2.4 A C | 2.7 |
| Caring for adult family member (e.g. parent, partner, or adult child) | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.5 A B C | 4.4 A B C D F G H | 1.5 A B C | 2.1 A B C D F H | 1.7 A B C | 1.8 |
| Other part-time work/starting or running own business | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.3 C | 1.2 | 1.9 A B C D E | 1.9 A B C D E | 4.4 A B C D E F G | 1.6 |
| Studies | 1.0 | 1.2 C | 1.0 | 1.2 C | 1.2 | 1.3 A C | 4.5 A B C D E F H | 1.4 A C | 1.5 |
| Community engagement (e.g. sports coach, volunteer work, political engagement) | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.4 A B C | 1.5 A BC | 4.0 A B C D E G H | 1.8 A B C D E H | 1.4 A B C | 1.5 |
| Number of important motives | 1.0 | 1.9 A | 1.6 | 2.8 A B C | 3.1 A BC | 3.7 A B C D E H | 3.2 A B C | 2.6 A B C | 2.5 |
| Weighted number of respondents | 53 | 182 | 156 | 198 | 133 | 82 | 987 | 82 | 985 |
[i] The question was ‘How important were the following reasons for you when you made the decision to shorten your working hours?’ 1 equals ‘not important at all’ and 5 equals ‘Very important’.
The figures show mean values of each motive for each cluster group.
A letter in a cell means that the average for this cluster is significantly higher than another cluster, the letter specifies which this other cluster is. Significance level: 0.05.
Table 3
Sociodemographic comparison of the clusters.
| Solely caring for children (A) | Caring for children. Demanding lives (B) | Demanding jobs (C) | Demanding lives (D) | Caring for family member (E) | Community engagement (F) | Studying (G) | Two jobs (H) | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (mean) | 40 | 41 | 53 A B F G H | 52 A B F G | 53 A B F G | 46 A B | 44 | 49 A B G | 48 |
| Share of women, % | 86 | 87 | 79 | 88 | 95 C F H | 76 | 88 | 80 | 86 |
| Have children under 8 years of age, % | 70 C D E F G H | 70 C D E F G H | 6 | 13 | 10 | 14 | 26 C E | 9 | 26 |
| Share working in care jobsI, % | 38 | 54 | 59 | 72 A B | 72 A B | 70 A | 64 | 59 | 63 |
| Only working during daytime, % | 82 C D H F | 66 F | 57 | 55 | 62 | 45 | 59 | 48 | 59 |
| Frequency of physical pain (mean)II | 3.0 | 3.2 | 3.5 | 3.7 B H | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 3.0 | 3.4 |
| See part-time work as a long-term solution, % | 40 | 62 | 78 ABG | 82 ABG | 80 ABG | 84 ABG | 50 | 85 ABG | 72 |
| University degree, % | 78 D E F | 64 D E | 54 | 40 | 42 | 45 | 60 D | 57 | 53 |
| SOCIO-ECONOMIC INDEX: | |||||||||
| Manual workers, % III | 16 | 35 | 47 A | 54 A B | 54 A B | 57 A B | 46 A | 54 A | 47 |
| White collar, low to medium level, % III | 43 | 41 | 39 | 39 | 37 | 27 | 45 | 34 | 38 |
| White collar, high level, % III | 41 C D E F G H | 24 D E | 14 | 7 | 9 | 16 | 9 | 12 | 15 |
[i] A letter in a cell means that the average for this cluster is significantly higher than another cluster, the letter specifies which this other cluster is. Significance level: 0.05.
I. Including children’s nurses, preschool teachers, physical and rehabilitation assistants, personal assistants, registered nurses, assistant nurses, hospital orderlies, student support staff, addiction treatment assistants.
II. The alternatives were 6 = every day, 5 = a couple of days per week, 4 = once per week, 3 = a couple of days per month, 2 = more seldom 1 = never.
III. Based on the Swedish Socio-Economic Index (SEI) (Statistics Sweden, 2017).
Table 4
Potential reasons to work full-time for each cluster.
| Solely caring for children (A) | Caring for children. Demanding lives (B) | Demanding jobs (C) | Demanding lives (D) | Caring for family member (E) | Community engagement (F) | Studying (G) | Two jobs (H) | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full-time when the children get older and can manage more by themselves | 95 C D E F G H | 79 C D E F G H | 4 | 17 C | 22 C | 17 C | 42 C D E F H | 15 | 34 |
| Full-time when the adult family member I care for no longer needs my help | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 34 A B C D F G H | 2 | 10 B C D | 4 | 7 |
| Full-time when my health gets better | 4 | 7 | 31 A B | 25 A B | 25 A B | 22 B | 19 | 13 | 20 |
| Full-time when the workload is reduced | 5 | 25 A | 40 A | 40 A | 37 A | 43 A | 27 A | 24 | 33 |
| Full-time when I need a higher income | 43 | 46 | 40 | 47 | 55 | 69 B C D | 56 | 62 D | 50 |
| Full-time when I reduce my volunteering commitments | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 15I B C D H | 3 | 2 | 2 |
| Nothing would make me work full time | 0 | 6 | 22I B | 22I B | 16 | 19I B | 9 | 12 | 15 |
[i] The question was ‘What would make you choose to work full time?’. One or several reasons could be stated.
The figures show percentage in each cluster that responded positively to each potential reason for starting to work full-time.
A letter in a cell means that the average for this cluster is significantly higher than another cluster, the letter specifies which this other cluster is. Significance level: 0.05.
Categories with percentages equal to zero are not used in comparisons.
I. The proportion can be expected to be significantly higher than cluster A. The comparison is diffused by the proportion 0% in cluster A.