Table 1
Mean values and standard deviations of study variables (sum scores) and correlations of latent factors. Cronbach’s alphas are presented on the diagonal. ** p < .01, *** p < .001.
| M | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Transform. leadership | 3.36 | 0.78 | .90 | ||||||
| 2 Fair leadership | 3.77 | 0.90 | .81*** | .88 | |||||
| 3 Work engagement | 4.87 | 1.00 | .30*** | .27** | .92 | ||||
| 4 Exhaustion | 2.11 | 1.33 | –.29*** | –.32*** | –.35*** | .82 | |||
| 5 Workload | 3.63 | 0.62 | –.09 | –.07 | .00 | .42*** | .83 | ||
| 6 Autonomy | 3.72 | 0.77 | .19** | .10 | .36*** | –.12 | .07 | .81 | |
| 7 Role clarity | 4.11 | 0.63 | .37*** | .29*** | .48*** | –.10 | .19 | .47*** | .78 |
Table 2
Standardized regression coefficients and model fit statistics from a Cholesky regression analysis using latent variables: work engagement and exhaustion explained by leadership and work characteristics.
| Independent variables | Work engagement | Exhaustion | χ2 (df) | p | RMSEA | CFI | TLI | SRMR | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | p | ΔR2 | β | p | ΔR2 | |||||||
| Model 1 | 356.23 (179) | <.001 | .055 | .954 | .946 | .050 | ||||||
| 1 Fair leadership | .25 | <.001 | .06 | –.31 | <.001 | .10 | ||||||
| 2 Item: Fair performance evaluation | .16 | .006 | .03 | –.07 | .206 | .00 | ||||||
| 3 Transformational leadership | .12 | .064 | .01 | –.04 | .288 | .00 | ||||||
| Model 2 | 338.72 (179) | <.001 | .052 | .958 | .951 | .052 | ||||||
| 1 Transformational leadership | .31 | <.001 | .09 | –.29 | <.001 | .09 | ||||||
| 2 Fair leadership | .03 | .363 | .00 | –.15 | .038 | .02 | ||||||
| Model 3 | 633.99 (334) | <.001 | .052 | .934 | .925 | .060 | ||||||
| 1 Role clarity | .48 | <.001 | .23 | –.10 | .110 | .01 | ||||||
| 2 Autonomy | .16 | .019 | .02 | –.09 | .165 | .01 | ||||||
| 3 Workload | – | – | – | .42 | <.001 | .17 | ||||||
| 4 Transformational leadership | .12 | .038 | .02 | –.19 | <.001 | .04 | ||||||
| Model 4 | 574.07 (283) | <.001 | .056 | .930 | .919 | .063 | ||||||
| 1 Role clarity | .48 | <.001 | .23 | –.10 | .099 | .01 | ||||||
| 2 Autonomy | .16 | .021 | .02 | –.09 | .173 | .01 | ||||||
| 3 Workload | – | – | – | .42 | <.001 | .18 | ||||||
| 4 Fair leadership | .13 | .019 | .02 | –.25 | <.001 | .06 | ||||||
[i] Note. The numbers preceding the independent variables indicate the order in which the independent variables were entered into the regression analysis. One-tailed tests were used for p-values.