Table 1
Techno-Work Engagement Scale (TechnoWES).
| No. from the original UWES-17 | Dimension | Original UWES | Proposed Techno-Work Engagement Scale (TechnoWES) |
|---|---|---|---|
| VI1a | Vigor | At my work, I feel that I am bursting with energy. | Techno_VI1.b When I utilize technology in my work, I feel that I am bursting with energy. |
| VI2a | Vigor | At my job, I feel strong and vigorous. | Techno_VI2. I feel strong and vigorous when I use technology in my job. |
| VI6 | Vigor | At my work I always persevere, even when things do not go well. | Techno_VI3. I always persevere with using technology in my work, even when it does not go well. |
| DE2a | Dedication | I am enthusiastic about my job. | Techno_DE1.b I am enthusiastic about utilizing technology in my job. |
| DE3a | Dedication | My job inspires me. | Techno_DE2. Utilizing technology inspires me in my job. |
| DE4a | Dedication | I am proud of the work that I do. | Techno_DE3. I am proud that I utilize technology in my work. |
| AB3a | Absorption | I feel happy when I am working intensely. | Techno_AB1. I feel happy when I am immersed in using technology in my work. |
| AB4a | Absorption | I am immersed in my work. | Techno_AB2b. I am completely immersed in using technology in my work. |
| AB5a | Absorption | I get carried away when I’m working. | Techno_AB3. I get carried away when I’m working with technology. |
[i] Note: VI = Vigor; DE = Dedication; AB = Absorption.
a The item belongs to the UWES-9.
b The item belongs to the TechnoWES-3.
Table 2
Goodness-of-fit statistics for the alternative CFA models for the TechnoWES.
| Sample | Models | χ2(df) | RMSEA [90% CI] | SRMR | NNFI | CFI | AIC | Δχ2(Δdf) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study 1 | |||||||||
| (n = 729) | M1 3F-9_1 | 402.34 (25) | 0.14 [0.13, 0.16] | 0.078 | 0.95 | 0.96 | 442.34 | ||
| (n = 729) | M2 1F-9_1 | 737.61 (27) | 0.19 [0.18, 0.20] | 0.087 | 0.91 | 0.93 | 773.61 | 331.27 (2) | <0.001 |
| Study 2 | |||||||||
| (n = 213) | M1 3F-9_2 | 118.59 (25) | 0.13 [0.11, 0.16] | 0.069 | 0.96 | 0.97 | 158.59 | ||
| (n = 213) | M2 1F-9_2 | 278.58 (27) | 0.21 [0.19, 0.23] | 0.077 | 0.91 | 0.93 | 314.58 | 155.99 (2) | <0.001 |
[i] Note: TechnoWES = Techno-Work Engagement Scale; M1 = hypothesized three-factor second-order model; M2 = alternative one-factor model.
Table 3
Standardized factor loadings of the CFA models for the TechnoWES.
| Study 1 (n = 729) | Study 2 (n = 213) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3-factor second-order model | 1-factor model | 3-factor second-order model | 1-factor model | |||||||
| VI | DE | AB | Total | Overall TechnoWES | VI | DE | AB | Total | Overall TechnoWES | |
| Techno_VI1 | 0.95 | 0.92 | 0.95 | 0.93 | ||||||
| Techno_VI2 | 0.97 | 0.93 | 0.97 | 0.94 | ||||||
| Techno_VI3 | 0.49 | 0.47 | 0.66 | 0.61 | ||||||
| Techno_DE1 | 0.86 | 0.82 | 0.86 | 0.81 | ||||||
| Techno_DE2 | 0.86 | 0.82 | 0.91 | 0.85 | ||||||
| Techno_DE3 | 0.84 | 0.82 | 0.83 | 0.79 | ||||||
| Techno_AB1 | 0.84 | 0.82 | 0.89 | 0.86 | ||||||
| Techno_AB2 | 0.80 | 0.79 | 0.89 | 0.87 | ||||||
| Techno_AB3 | 0.84 | 0.82 | 0.93 | 0.91 | ||||||
| Omega coefficient | 0.82 | 0.88 | 0.87 | 0.95 | 0.94 | 0.88 | 0.89 | 0.93 | 0.96 | 0.96 |
[i] Note: TechnoWES = Techno-Work Engagement Scale; VI = Techno_Vigor; DE = Techno_Dedication; AB = Techno_Absorption.
For the complete items, see Table 1.
Table 4
CFA fit indices for the models assessing discriminant validity of the TechnoWES from technostress (Study 2; n = 213).
| Concepts | Models | χ2(df) | χ2/df | RMSEA | SRMR | CFI | NFI | Δχ2(Δdf) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TechnoWES-9 and technostress | M0_dv_9 | 4938.15 (275) | 18.0 | 0.28 | 0.22 | 0.71 | 0.70 | ||
| M1_dv_9 | 622.49 (265) | 2.3 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.98 | 0.96 | 4315.66 (10) | <0.001 | |
| TechnoWES-3 and technostress | M0_dv_3 | 931.94 (152) | 6.1 | 0.16 | 0.12 | 0.93 | 0.92 | ||
| M1_dv_3 | 249.93 (142) | 1.8 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 682.01 (10) | <0.001 |
[i] Note: TechnoWES = Techno-Work Engagement Scale; M0 = the null model in which all items are specified to load on one general factor; M1 = the model with separate latent factors.
Table 5
Pearson’s correlations of the TechnoWES with technostress and technology-related job resources (Study 2; n = 213).
| TechnoWES-9 | TechnoWES-3 | Techno_Vigor | Techno_Dedication | Techno_Absorption | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Technostress | –0.37*** | –0.39*** | –0.34*** | –0.39*** | –0.29*** |
| Technostress_Scepticism | –0.43*** | –0.42*** | –0.39*** | –0.46*** | –0.35*** |
| Technostress_Fatigue | –0.22** | –0.24*** | –0.20** | –0.25*** | –0.16* |
| Technostress_Anxiety | –0.29*** | –0.32*** | –0.27*** | –0.31*** | –0.22** |
| Technostress_Inefficacy | –0.34*** | –0.36*** | –0.31*** | –0.34*** | –0.29*** |
| Technology-related autonomy | 0.43*** | 0.40*** | 0.38*** | 0.45*** | 0.36*** |
| Technology-related social support | 0.23*** | 0.22** | 0.21** | 0.22** | 0.22** |
| Techno-efficacy | 0.47*** | 0.46*** | 0.44*** | 0.41*** | 0.45*** |
| Technology-related value congruence | 0.38*** | 0.36*** | 0.33*** | 0.36*** | 0.36*** |
[i] Note: TechnoWES = Techno-Work Engagement Scale.
*** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05.
Supplementary Table 1
Correlations among the TechnoWES items and subscales in Studies 1 and 2.
| Study 1 (n = 729) | Study 2 (n = 213) | 1. | 2. | 3. | 4. | 5. | 6. | 7. | 8. | 9. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | M | SD | ||||||||||
| 1. Techno_VI1 | 3.57 | 1.87 | 2.82 | 1.84 | – | 0.93 | 0.32 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.66 | 0.67 | 0.53 | 0.60 |
| 2. Techno_VI2 | 3.55 | 1.90 | 2.87 | 1.85 | 0.94 | – | 0.33 | 0.78 | 0.77 | 0.69 | 0.66 | 0.52 | 0.58 |
| 3. Techno_VI3 | 3.89 | 1.77 | 3.29 | 1.95 | 0.42 | 0.43 | – | 0.42 | 0.37 | 0.44 | 0.45 | 0.42 | 0.40 |
| 4. Techno_DE1 | 4.22 | 1.59 | 3.87 | 1.67 | 0.70 | 0.72 | 0.59 | – | 0.82 | 0.71 | 0.66 | 0.52 | 0.58 |
| 5. Techno_DE2 | 3.81 | 1.74 | 3.46 | 1.75 | 0.73 | 0.76 | 0.59 | 0.85 | – | 0.71 | 0.72 | 0.52 | 0.61 |
| 6. Techno_DE3 | 3.69 | 1.87 | 3.15 | 1.84 | 0.66 | 0.71 | 0.50 | 0.62 | 0.70 | – | 0.74 | 0.62 | 0.67 |
| 7. Techno_AB1 | 3.01 | 1.88 | 2.59 | 1.92 | 0.75 | 0.76 | 0.51 | 0.68 | 0.75 | 0.75 | – | 0.68 | 0.72 |
| 8. Techno_AB2 | 2.85 | 1.99 | 1.66 | 1.79 | 0.65 | 0.64 | 0.51 | 0.62 | 0.64 | 0.69 | 0.77 | – | 0.85 |
| 9. Techno_AB3 | 2.80 | 1.98 | 1.90 | 1.85 | 0.70 | 0.68 | 0.59 | 0.69 | 0.73 | 0.68 | 0.81 | 0.90 | – |
| Techno_Vigor (VI) | 3.67 | 1.53 | 2.99 | 1.59 | |||||||||
| Techno_Dedication (DE) | 3.90 | 1.57 | 3.50 | 1.57 | |||||||||
| Techno_Absorption (AB) | 2.89 | 1.76 | 2.05 | 1.71 | |||||||||
[i] Note: TechnoWES = Techno-Work Engagement Scale. The correlations of Study 1 are reported above the diagonal and correlations of Study 2 below the diagonal. For the complete items, see Table 1.