Table 1
Fit indices for measurement model and comparison models.
| Tested models | χ2(df) | CFI | TLI | RMSEA | SRMR | Model comparisons Δχ2(df) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M1: Measurement modela | 209.574 | .94 | .92 | .071 | .051 | – |
| M2: One factor | 1632.378 | .40 | .28 | .217 | .175 | M2 vs M1: 1422.8 (6)*** |
| M3: Three-factor modelb | 683.065 | .76 | .70 | .140 | .082 | M3 vs M1: 473.49 (3)*** |
[i] a Measurement model M1 includes the latent variables, i.e. the predictor variables Self-leadership: Goal-setting, Self-leadership: Thought Strategies, Information Richness, and Autonomy.
b Same as M1 but with all self-leadership items loading on one latent variable, i.e. a three-factor model.
*** p < .001.
Table 2
Bivariate correlations, means, standard deviations, and reliability coefficients. N = 510.
| Variable | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | M | SD | α | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Background | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 Gender (1 = m, 2 = f) | 1.00 | 1.40 | .49 | – | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2 Age | –.09 | * | 1.00 | 42 | 9 | – | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 University (1 = yes) | .06 | –.14 | ** | 1.00 | .70 | .46 | – | |||||||||||||||||||
| Office Type | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4 Activity Based WE | .00 | .00 | –.04 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 5 Cell Office | –.12 | ** | –.14 | ** | .00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||||||||||||||||||
| 6 Landscape Office | .08 | .10 | * | .04 | – | – | 1.00 | – | ||||||||||||||||||
| Resources (1-5) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 7 SL Goals | .01 | .05 | .07 | .19 | *** | –.13 | ** | –.13 | * | 1.00 | 3.82 | .98 | .91 | |||||||||||||
| 8 SL ThoughtS. | .00 | –.07 | .08 | .15 | *** | –.08 | –.12 | ** | .48 | *** | 1.00 | 3.41 | .90 | .77 | ||||||||||||
| 9 Information Richness | .03 | .20 | *** | .16 | *** | .07 | –.09 | * | –.02 | .10 | * | –.03 | 1.00 | 3.92 | .72 | .81 | ||||||||||
| 10 Autonomy | –.11 | * | –.04 | .10 | * | .32 | *** | –.04 | –.35 | *** | .14 | ** | .13 | ** | .16 | *** | 1.00 | 4.14 | .88 | .69 | ||||||
| Outcomes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 11 Cognitive stress (1-5) | .17 | *** | –.20 | *** | .01 | –.09 | * | –.05 | .07 | –.18 | *** | –.03 | –.29 | *** | –.20 | *** | 1.00 | 2.17 | .76 | .88 | ||||||
| 12 Performance (1-10) | .09 | * | .08 | –.02 | .05 | –.11 | * | .02 | .26 | *** | .14 | ** | .19 | *** | .03 | –.30 | *** | 1.00 | 8.07 | 1.14 | – | |||||
[i] SL Goals = Self-leadership Goal-setting, SL ThoughtS = Self-leadership Thought Strategies.
* p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001.
Table 3
Means, standard deviations, and results of Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance regarding office type.
| ABWE Activity-Based Working Environment Mean (SD) | Non-ABWE Cell Office 1–3 people Mean (SD) | Non-ABWE Landscape 4–25 + people Mean (SD) | χ2 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 416 | 30 | 64 | ||
| Background | |||||
| Gender | 39.7% female | 16.7% female | 50.0% female | 9.49 | ** |
| Age | 42.28 (9.13) | 37.17 (7.90) | 44.64 (10.24) | 15.00 | ** |
| University | 69% university | 70% university | 75% university | .90 | |
| Resources | |||||
| SL Goals | 3.91 (.92) | 3.33 (1.30) | 3.48 (1.04) | 15.58 | *** |
| SL ThoughtS | 3.48 (.87) | 3.13 (1.13) | 3.13 (.93) | 10.24 | ** |
| Info Richness | 3.94 (.72) | 3.66 (.66) | 3.88 (.78) | 5.49 | |
| Autonomy | 4.28 (.76) | 4.02 (.81) | 3.33 (1.19) | 46.28 | *** |
| Outcomes | |||||
| Cognitive stress | 2.14 (.75) | 2.33 (.90) | 2.30 (.76) | 3.77 | |
| Performance | 8.10 (1.12) | 7.57 (1.33) | 8.13 (1.13) | 5.27 | |
[i] SL Goals = Self-leadership Goal-setting, SL ThoughtS = Self-leadership Thought Strategies.
* p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001.
Table 4
Regression results: Effects of predictors on cognitive stress and self-rated performance, respectively. N = 507.
| Variables | Cognitive stressa | Performancea | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Step I | Step II | Step III | Step I | Step II | Step III | |||||||
| Background | ||||||||||||
| Gender (1 = m, 2 = f) | .15 | ** | .15 | ** | .15 | ** | .10 | * | .09 | * | .08 | |
| Age | –.18 | *** | –.18 | *** | –.12 | ** | .08 | .07 | .02 | |||
| University | –.02 | –.02 | .05 | –.01 | –.01 | –.07 | ||||||
| Office environment relative to ABWE | ||||||||||||
| Cell Office | .05 | .01 | –.09 | * | –.05 | |||||||
| Landscape Office | .08 | –.01 | –.00 | .04 | ||||||||
| Resources | ||||||||||||
| SL Goal-setting | –.16 | ** | .22 | *** | ||||||||
| SL Thought strat. | .05 | .05 | ||||||||||
| Info Richness | –.23 | *** | .16 | *** | ||||||||
| Autonomy | –.15 | ** | –.01 | |||||||||
| Adjusted R2 | .06 | .06 | .16 | .01 | .01 | .10 | ||||||
| ΔR2 | .06 | *** | .01 | .10 | *** | .02 | * | .01 | .09 | *** | ||
[i] a Estimates are standardized regression coefficients, β-values.
* p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001.