Table 1
Standardized factor loadings for the three-factor structure (CFA and ESEM).
| CFA | ESEM | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| THEORETICALLY ASSIGNED FACTOR | AUTONOMY ORIENTATION | CONTROLLED ORIENTATION | IMPERSONAL ORIENTATION | |
| Vignette 3 | ||||
| autonomy orientation | .66 (<.001) | .74 (<.001) | –.17 (<.001) | .14 (<.001) |
| controlled orientation | .81 (<.001) | –.00 (.925) | .83 (<.001) | –.05 (.200) |
| impersonal orientation | .63 (<.001) | –.06 (.217) | .08 (.059) | .55 (<.001) |
| Vignette 7 | ||||
| autonomy orientation | .59 (<.001) | .59 (<.001) | .00 (.975) | .00 (.929) |
| controlled orientation | .85 (<.001) | .00 (.932) | .91 (<.001) | –.11 (<.001) |
| impersonal orientation | .54 (<.001) | .03 (.530) | .06 (.219) | .50 (<.001) |
| Vignette 8 | ||||
| autonomy orientation | .54 (<.001) | .53 (<.001) | .03 (.547) | –.02 (.637) |
| controlled orientation | .77 (<.001) | .07 (.013) | .83 (<.001) | –.11 (.001) |
| impersonal orientation | .60 (<.001) | –.09 (.035) | .12 (.019) | .50 (<.001) |
| Vignette 9 | ||||
| autonomy orientation | .76 (<.001) | .74 (<.001) | –.05 (.156) | –.02 (.637) |
| controlled orientation | .65 (<.001) | –.04 (.342) | .52 (<.001) | .27 (<.001) |
| impersonal orientation | .80 (<.001) | .03 (.385) | –.02 (.490) | .84 (<.001) |
| Vignette 10 | ||||
| autonomy orientation | .67 (<.001) | .60 (<.001) | .17 (<.001) | –.16 (<.001) |
| controlled orientation | .73 (<.001) | .05 (.145) | .66 (<.001) | .12 (.002) |
| impersonal orientation | .81 (<.001) | .04 (.137) | –.05 (.085) | .87 (<.001) |
| Vignette 11 | ||||
| autonomy orientation | .39 (<.001) | .43 (<.001) | .16 (.001) | .09 (.061) |
| controlled orientation | .59 (<.001) | –.10 (.022) | .51 (<.001) | .19 (<.001) |
| impersonal orientation | .84 (<.001) | –.06 (.051) | .07 (.032) | .77 (<.001) |
Table 2
Residual covariances with the largest modification index values.
| RESIDUAL COVARIANCE | MODIFICATION INDEX | RESIDUAL CORRELATION |
|---|---|---|
| Vignette 11 controlled orientation indicator with Vignette 11 impersonal indicator | 41.64 | .35 |
| Vignette 3 controlled orientation indicator with Vignette 7 controlled orientation indicator | 39.04 | .48 |
| Vignette 8 autonomy orientation indicator with Vignette 8 impersonal orientation indicator | 31.42 | –.27 |
| Vignette 9 controlled orientation indicator with Vignette 9 impersonal orientation indicator | 26.06 | .27 |
| Vignette 7 autonomy orientation indicator with Vignette 10 autonomy orientation indicator | 23.05 | –.28 |
[i] Notes. Modification index indicates the change in χ2 if the residual covariance is estimated, and residual correlation indicates the residual correlation if the residual covariance is estimated.
Table 3
Fit indices of the between-groups measurement invariance models (manual and non-manual workers).
| χ2, df (p) | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Configural | 464.76, df = 204 (<.001) | .928 | .892 | .037 | .064 |
| Metric | 521.57, df = 249 (<.001) | .925 | .907 | .052 | .059 |
| Scalar | 567.11, df = 264 (<.001) | .916 | .903 | .056 | .060 |
| Residual | 600.11, df = 282 (<.001) | .912 | .905 | .060 | .062 |
Table 4
Descriptive statistics (based on observed variables) and factor correlations based on latent factors.
| M | SD | ω | AO | CO | IO | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Autonomy orientation (AO) | 5.03 | 1.04 | .77 | – | ||
| Controlled orientation (CO) | 3.98 | 1.38 | .88 | –0.01 | – | |
| Impersonal orientation (IO) | 3.17 | 1.29 | .86 | –.39 *** | .44*** | – |
| Autonomy satisfaction | 4.42 | 1.12 | .74 | .61*** | –.12* | –.14* |
| Competence satisfaction | 5.24 | 1.11 | .85 | .39*** | –.37*** | –.23*** |
| Relatedness satisfaction | 4.82 | 1.39 | .89 | .49*** | –.13** | –.21*** |
| Intrinsic motivation | 4.58 | 1.49 | .93 | .57*** | –.10* | –.15* |
| Amotivation | 2.26 | 1.52 | .94 | –.27*** | .36*** | .68*** |
| Vigour | 5.02 | 1.49 | .91 | .50*** | –.13** | –.25*** |
| Exhaustion | 2.67 | 0.88 | .93 | –.19*** | .43*** | .39*** |
[i] Note. Fit of the measurement model: χ2 = 1967.66, df = 960, CFI = .935, TLI = .927, SRMR = .051, RMSEA = .051; M = mean, SD = standard deviation, ω = McDonald’s omega reliability coefficient, * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001.