Table 1
The MWMS factor models tested in the study.
| ABBREVIATION | FACTORS IN THE MODEL |
|---|---|
| Model 1 | amotivation, external material, external social, introjected, identified, intrinsic motivation |
| Model 2 | amotivation, external (material and social regulations combined), introjected, identified, intrinsic motivation |
| Model 3 | amotivation, external material, external social, introjected, autonomous motivation (identified regulation and intrinsic motivation combined) |
| Model 4 | amotivation, external (material and social regulations combined), introjected, autonomous motivation (identified regulation and intrinsic motivation combined) |
| Model 5 | amotivation, controlled motivation (material, social and introjected regulation combined), autonomous motivation (identified regulation and intrinsic motivation combined) |
| Model 6 | amotivation, external material, external social, introjected–avoidance, introjected–approach, identified, intrinsic motivation |
| Model 7 | G-factor anchored in intrinsic motivation, S-factors for amotivation, external material regulation, external social regulation, introjected regulation, and identified regulation |
[i] All factors are correlated in Models 1–6. All factors are uncorrelated in Model 7. MWMS item compositions may vary between analyses (original, reduced, and expanded item composition).
Table 2
Standardised factor loadings (λ) of ESEM-estimated MWMS model with six behavioural regulations (Model 1, original item composition).
| ITEM | INTRINSIC MOTIVATION (λ) | IDENTIFIED REGULATION (λ) | INTROJECTED REGULATION (λ) | EXTERNAL SOCIAL REGULATION (λ) | EXTERNAL MATERIAL REGULATION (λ) | AMOTIVATION (λ) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amotivation | ||||||
| amo1 | –0.01/–0.01 | 0.20/0.08 | –0.15/–0.03 | 0.12/–0.02 | –0.05/0.03 | 0.92/0.77 |
| amo2 | –0.04/–0.04 | –0.15/0.02 | –03/0.08 | 0.00/–0.06 | –0.06/–0.02 | 0.78/0.79 |
| amo3 | 0.10/0.07 | –0.12/–0.02 | 0.12/–0.04 | –0.13/0.06 | 0.02/–0.02 | 0.86/0.88 |
| External material | ||||||
| exm1 | –0.09/–0.05 | 0.04/–0.01 | 0.21/0.10 | –0.20/–0.06 | 0.75/0.75 | 0.00/0.02 |
| exm2 | –0.01/–0.06 | 0.08/0.06 | –0.06/–0.10 | 0.09/0.12 | 0.47/0.51 | 0.09/0.06 |
| exm3 | 0.10/–0.02 | –0.07/0.11 | –0.20/–0.15 | 0.18/0.07 | 0.75/0.80 | –0.07/–0.07 |
| External social | ||||||
| exs1 | –0.04/0.04 | 0.05/–0.07 | 0.00/0.07 | 0.83/0.69 | 0.10/0.11 | –0.06/–0.03 |
| exs2 | –0.01/0.07 | –0.14/–0.30 | 0.25/0.37 | 0.44/0.37 | 0.02/0.18 | 0.13/0.13 |
| exs3 | 0.04/0.15 | –0.07/–0.16 | 0.23/0.21 | 0.65/0.65 | 0.02/0.09 | 0.01/–0.01 |
| Introjected | ||||||
| intro1 | –0.03/–0.07 | 0.12/0.35 | 0.39/0.21 | 0.30/0.37 | 0.00/0.04 | 0.07/0.05 |
| intro2 | 0.11/–0.02 | 0.20/0.50 | 0.43/0.19 | 0.13/0.33 | –0.03/–0.06 | –0.17/–0.10 |
| intro3 | 0.00/–0.17 | 0.01/0.18 | 0.76/0.66 | 0.10/0.11 | –0.03/–0.04 | –0.08/–0.06 |
| intro4 | –0.09/–0.07 | –0.02/–0.05 | 0.71/0.74 | 0.04/0.14 | 0.09/0.05 | 0.12/0.05 |
| Identified | ||||||
| id1 | 0.22/0.30 | 0.53/0.50 | 0.05/0.18 | –0.03/–0.17 | –0.03/0.08 | –0.09/–0.05 |
| id2 | 0.03/0.29 | 0.85/0.54 | 0.09/0.19 | –0.06/–0.15 | 0.03/0.03 | –0.07/–0.14 |
| id3 | 0.08/0.31 | 0.77/0.44 | 0.02/0.22 | –0.04/–0.10 | –0.00/0.03 | 0.01/–0.14 |
| Intrinsic motivation | ||||||
| im1 | 0.93/0.73 | 0.06/0.10 | 0.04/0.00 | –0.03/0.03 | –0.00/–0.05 | –0.07/–0.15 |
| im2 | 0.72/0.79 | 0.19/0.16 | 0.02/–0.09 | –0.01/0.06 | 0.03/–0.06 | –0.01/–0.04 |
| im3 | 0.86/0.81 | 0.07/0.13 | –0.09/–0.14 | 0.04/0.10 | –0.02/–0.03 | 0.07/0.01 |
[i] Sample 1/Sample 2.
Table 3
Standardised factor loadings (λ) of introjected regulation items in different ESEM-estimated MWMS models.
| Model 6, original item composition | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intrinsic motivation (λ) | Identified regulation (λ) | Introjected Approach (λ) | Introjected Avoidance (λ) | External social regulation (λ) | External material regulation (λ) | Amotivation (λ) | |
| intro1 | –0.04/0.07 | 0.13/–0.03 | 0.26/0.55 | 0.31/0.22 | 0.24/0.07 | 0.02/0.08 | 0.05/0.07 |
| intro2 | 0.11/–0.05 | 0.22/0.34 | 0.07/0.48 | 0.34/0.03 | 0.19/0.19 | –0.02/–0.05 | –0.17/–0.05 |
| intro3 | 0.02/–0.08 | 0.02/0.07 | 0.06/0.21 | 0.72/0.64 | 0.14/–0.01 | –0.01/–0.01 | –0.07/–0.06 |
| intro4 | –0.10/0.05 | 0.02/–0.05 | 0.12/–0.04 | 0.62/0.82 | 0.11/0.10 | 0.09/0.03 | 0.14/0.03 |
| Model 1, reduced item composition | |||||||
| Intrinsic motivation (λ) | Identified regulation (λ) | Introjected regulation (λ) | External social regulation (λ) | External material regulation (λ) | Amotivation (λ) | ||
| intro3 | 0.01/–0.14 | 0.09/0.22 | 0.68/0.68 | 0.21/0.19 | –0.04/–0.04 | –0.09/–0.09 | |
| intro4 | –0.07/0.06 | 0.04/–0.12 | 0.67/1.04 | 0.12/–0.04 | 0.09/0.02 | 0.10/0.04 | |
| Model 1, expanded item composition | |||||||
| Intrinsic motivation (λ) | Identified regulation (λ) | Introjected regulation (λ) | External social regulation (λ) | External material regulation (λ) | Amotivation (λ) | ||
| intro1 | –0.01/–0.06 | 0.11/0.29 | 0.46/0.49 | 0.24/0.31 | 0.02/0.02 | 0.06/–0.03 | |
| intro2 | 0.11/0.03 | 0.23/0.39 | 0.43/0.44 | 0.09/0.26 | –0.02/–0.04 | –0.18/–0.12 | |
| intro3 | 0.01/–0.12 | 0.06/0.11 | 0.83/0.85 | 0.00/–0.08 | –0.04–0.05 | –0.08/–0.06 | |
| intro4 | –0.06/0.00 | 0.00/–0.12 | 0.82/0.82 | –0.10/–0.07 | 0.09/0.06 | 0.12/0.06 | |
| intro5 | 0.05/0.07 | 0.08/0.11 | 0.20/0.24 | 0.44/0.53 | 0.02/0.03 | 0.11/0.06 | |
| intro6 | –0.07/–0.10 | 0.15/0.28 | 0.52/0.61 | 0.26/0.13 | –0.14/–0.08 | 0.04/0.01 | |
| intro7 | 0.03/–0.02 | –0.19/–0.19 | 0.78/0.69 | 0.10/–0.04 | 0.05/0.15 | –0.03/0.03 | |
| intro8 | –0.08/–0.06 | –0.01/–0.08 | 0.82/0.84 | 0.03/0.04 | 0.00/–0.05 | 0.02/0.03 | |
| Model 6, expanded item composition | |||||||
| Intrinsic motivation (λ) | Identified regulation (λ) | Introjected Approach (λ) | Introjected Avoidance (λ) | External social regulation (λ) | External material regulation (λ) | Amotivation (λ) | |
| intro1 | –0.03/0.05 | 0.01/–0.03 | 0.81/0.64 | 0.11/0.19 | –0.08/–0.05 | 0.01/0.10 | –0.04/0.04 |
| intro2 | 0.11/–0.08 | 0.23/0.34 | 0.18/0.55 | 0.29/–0.02 | 0.09/0.12 | –0.02/–0.04 | –0.18/–0.08 |
| intro5 | 0.04/0.11 | 0.03/–0.12 | 0.49/0.60 | –0.06/–0.09 | 0.27/0.26 | 0.01/0.03 | 0.07/0.06 |
| intro6 | –0.08/–0.06 | 0.18/0.12 | 0.07/0.46 | 0.36/0.31 | 0.35/–0.05 | –0.14/–0.04 | 0.07/0.03 |
| intro3 | 0.01/–0.06 | 0.11/0.09 | 0.00/0.18 | 0.72/0.70 | 0.15/–0.09 | –0.03/0.01 | –0.05/–0.06 |
| intro4 | –0.06/0.02 | 0.02/0.02 | 0.13/–0.02 | 0.70/0.75 | –0.03/0.15 | 0.10/0.03 | 0.12/0.05 |
| intro7 | 0.02/–0.03 | –0.18/–0.01 | 0.17/–0.08 | 0.65/0.65 | 0.06/0.20 | 0.06/0.10 | –0.04/0.00 |
| intro8 | –0.08/0.04 | 0.02/–0.10 | 0.13/0.17 | 0.68/0.74 | 0.12/0.06 | 0.01/–0.02 | 0.03/0.00 |
| Model 7, expanded item composition | |||||||
| G-factor (Intrinsic motivation) (λ) | Specific identified regulation (λ) | Specific introjected regulation (λ) | Specific external social regulation (λ) | Specific external material regulation (λ) | Specific amotivation (λ) | ||
| intro1 | 0.01/0.21 | 0.07/–0.25 | 0.59/0.61 | 0.37/0.12 | 0.07/0.12 | 0.05/0.12 | |
| intro2 | 0.40/0.48 | 0.12/–0.25 | 0.49/0.53 | 0.13/0.04 | 0.01/0.06 | –0.13/0.03 | |
| intro3 | 0.07/0.07 | 0.04/0.14 | 0.82/0.75 | 0.08/0.02 | 0.00/0.02 | –0.06/0.07 | |
| intro4 | –0.20/–0.11 | 0.01/0.26 | 0.79/0.77 | 0.02/0.19 | 0.12/0.10 | 0.09/–0.02 | |
| intro5 | 0.02/0.17 | 0.05/–0.35 | 0.42/0.46 | 0.42/0.30 | 0.08/0.12 | 0.09/0.15 | |
| intro6 | 0.02/0.19 | 0.10/–0.12 | 0.64/0.62 | 0.27/0.01 | –0.08/0.02 | 0.00/0.07 | |
| intro7 | –0.17/–0.17 | –0.10/0.25 | 0.75/0.69 | 0.09/0.23 | 0.08/0.17 | –0.00/–0.05 | |
| intro8 | –0.15/–0.07 | 0.01/0.14 | 0.83/0.80 | 0.12/0.19 | 0.04/0.02 | 0.01/–0.02 | |
[i] Sample 1/Sample 2.
Table 4
Correlations between introjected regulation scales (original and reduced item composition; Model 1) and criterion variables.
| AMO | EXM | EXS | ID | IM | AS | CS | RS | WE | EX | WQ | WP | CP | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample 1 | |||||||||||||
| Introjected regulation (original) | 0.04 | 0.22** | 0.56*** | 0.14 | –0.03 | –0.10 | –0.17 | –0.09 | –0.11 | 0.37*** | – | – | – |
| Introjected regulation (reduced) | 0.12 | 0.20** | 0.51*** | 0.05 | –0.13** | –0.20** | –0.26*** | –0.14 | –0.20** | 0.38*** | – | – | – |
| Sample 2 | |||||||||||||
| Introjected regulation (original) | –0.05 | 0.38*** | 0.47*** | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.10 | –0.16** | 0.04 | – | – | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.03 |
| Introjected regulation (reduced) | 0.05 | 0.37*** | 0.67*** | 0.09 | –0.09 | –0.07 | –0.15** | 0.02 | – | – | 0.07 | –0.07 | 0.07 |
[i] AMO = amotivation; EXM = external material regulation; EXS = external social regulation; ID = identified regulation; IM = intrinsic motivation; AS = autonomy satisfaction; CS = competence satisfaction; RS = relatedness satisfaction; WE = work engagement; EX = exhaustion, WQ = work quality; WP = work performance; CP = control by pay.
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.