Table 1
Descriptive Statistics.
| VARIABLES | TOTAL SAMPLE | NON EXPOSED | EXPOSED | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sexual harassment prevalence | 21.9% (n = 691) | – | – | |
| PTSD symptoms (M, SD) | 3.3 (4.1) | 3.0 (3.9) | 4.6 (4.5) | |
| Gender | Male | 20.7% (n = 652) | 23.3% (n = 566) | 11.7% (n = 81) |
| Female | 79.3% (n = 2501) | 76.7% (n = 1858) | 88.3% (n = 610) | |
| Age (M, SD) | 48.04 (9.8) | 48.9 (9.5) | 44.9 (10.1) | |
| Somatic diseases (M, SD) | 0.6 (0.8) | 0.6 (0.8) | 0.7 (0.85) | |
| Lifetime civil trauma (M, SD) | 2.5 (1.9) | 2.4 (1.9) | 2.8 (2.0) | |
| Workplace Violence (M, SD) | 0.6 (0.9) | 0.5 (0.9) | 0.75 (1.0) | |
| Workplace Threats (M, SD) | 1.0 (1.1) | 0.9 (1.1) | 1.5 (2.8) | |
| Linking social capital (M, SD) | 63.2 (23.6) | 64.4 (23.5) | 59.1 (23.8) | |
| Bonding social capital (M, SD) | 67.5 (18.2) | 68.5 (17.7) | 64.2 (19.4) | |
| Perpetrator | Non exposed | 76.9% (n = 2424) | – | – |
| Client | 20.3% (n = 640) | – | 7.4% (n = 51) | |
| Colleague/leader | 1.6% (n = 51) | – | 92.6% (n = 640) | |
| Missing | 1.2% (n = 38) | – | – | |
| Frequency | Non exposed | 76.9% (n = 2424) | – | – |
| Low exposure | 15.5% (n = 490) | – | 79.9% (n = 490) | |
| High exposure | 6.2% (n = 196) | – | 29.1% (n = 201) | |
| Missing | 1.2% (n = 38) | – | – | |
[i] Note: Presented with percentage (%), number of respondents (n) or Mean (M) and standard deviations (SD) across the total sample as well as differentiated between those exposed for sexual harassment (Exposed) and those not exposed to sexual harassment (Non-exposed).
Table 2
Association between Exposure to Sexual harassment as a dichotomous measure yes/no and PTSD symptoms.
| MODEL SPECIFICATION | LIKELIHOOD RATIO-χ2(7) = 581.3, P < .001 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | STD. ERROR | WALD – χ2 | P | ||
| Intercept | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.2 | .637 | |
| Sexual Harassment | Exposed | 0.8 | 0.2 | 21.4 | <.001 |
| Non exposed (ref) | – | – | – | – | |
| Age | .0 | .0 | 1.8 | .178 | |
| Gender | Female | 0.6 | 0.2 | 10.7 | .001 |
| – | – | – | – | ||
| Violence | 0.2 | 01. | 3.6 | .056 | |
| Threats | 1.1 | 0.1 | 215.1 | .000 | |
| Lifetime civil trauma | 0.2 | 0.0 | 29.1 | <.001 | |
| Somatic disease | 0.5 | 0.1 | 41.2 | <.001 | |
[i] Note: Presented with exposed and non-exposed in two levels of adjustment, with overall model specification and parameter estimates: Beta coefficient (B) and standard error (Std. error), Wald chi-square test statistics (Wald –χ2) and level of significance (p).
Table 3
Association between low-medium and high frequency of Sexual Harassment and PTSD symptoms.
| MODEL SPECIFICATION | LIKELIHOOD RATIO χ2 (8) = 584.6, P > .001 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | STD. ERROR | WALD –χ2 | P | ||
| Intercept | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.2 | .648 | |
| Sexual Harassment | High exposed | 1.2 | 0.3 | 17.8 | <.001 |
| Low exposed | 0.6 | 0.2 | 10.9 | <.001 | |
| Non exposed (ref) | 0 | – | – | – | |
| Age | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.0 | .157 | |
| Gender | Female | 0.6 | 0.2 | 10.8 | .001 |
| Male | |||||
| Violence | 0.2 | 0.1 | 3.3 | .071 | |
| Threats | 1.1 | 0.1 | 211.3 | <.001 | |
| Lifetime civil trauma | 0.2 | 0.0 | 28.4 | <.001 | |
| Somatic disease | 0.5 | 0.1 | 41.1 | <.001 | |
[i] Note: Presented with low-medium and high exposed in two levels of adjustment, with overall model specification and parameter estimates: Beta coefficient (B), standard error (Std. error), Wald chi-square test statistics (Wald -χ2) and level of significance (p).
Table 4
Association between Source of Sexual Harassment and PTSD symptoms.
| MODEL SPECIFICATION | MODEL 2 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LIKELIHOOD RATIO χ2 (8) = 580.6, P > .001 | |||||
| B | STD. ERROR | WALD –χ2 | P | ||
| Intercept | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.2 | .703 | |
| Sexual Harassment | Perpetrator colleague/leader | 1.6 | 0.5 | 8.9 | .003 |
| Perpetrator client | 0.7 | 0.2 | 16.2 | <.001 | |
| Non exposed (ref) | 0 | – | – | – | |
| Age | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.2 | 0.136 | |
| Gender | Female | 0.6 | 0.2 | 12.1 | <.001 |
| Male (ref) | 0 | – | – | – | |
| Violence | 0.2 | 0.1 | 4.3 | .038 | |
| Threats | 1.1 | 0.1 | 211.3 | <.001 | |
| Lifetime civil trauma | 0.2 | 0.0 | 27.4 | <.001 | |
| Somatic disease | 0.5 | 0.1 | 27.4 | <.001 | |
[i] Note: Presented with difference in perpetrators such as colleague/leader, client and non-exposed in two levels of adjustment, with overall model specification and parameter estimates: Beta coefficient (B), standard error (Std. error), Wald chi-square test statistics (Wald –χ2) and level of significance (p).
Table 5
Mean Level of PTSD symptoms and Difference in Estimated Means Among Stratified Groups of Exposure to Sexual Harassment.
| MEAN/MEAN DIFFERENCE | 95% CI | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Estimated mean high exposed | 5.6 | [5.0–6.2] | – |
| Estimated mean low exposure | 4.1 | [3.7–4.5] | – |
| Estimated mean non exposure | 2.9 | [2.7–3.1] | – |
| Estimated mean difference high exposed vs. non exposed | 2.7 | [2.0–3.4] | <.001 |
| Estimated mean difference low exposed vs. non exposed | 1.2 | [0.7–1.7] | <.001 |
| Estimated mean difference high exposed vs. low exposed | 1.5 | [0.6–2.3] | <.001 |
| Estimated mean perpetrator colleague or leader | 4.6 | [3.5–5.6] | – |
| Estimated mean perpetrator client | 3.7 | [3.4–4.0] | – |
| Estimated mean non exposed | 3.0 | [2.8–3.2] | – |
| Estimated mean difference perpetrator colleague or leader vs. non exposed | 1.6 | [0.4–2.2] | .009 |
| Estimated mean difference perpetrator client vs. non exposed | 0.7 | [0.3–1.1] | <.001 |
| Estimated mean difference perpetrator colleague or leader vs. perpetrator client | 0.9 | [–0.4–2.2] | .314 |
[i] Note: Presented as estimated overall mean and mean differences with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and Bonferroni adjusted level of significance (p). Adjusted for age, gender, workplace threats and violence, somatic disease and lifetime exposure for traumatic events outside of work.