Table 1
Characteristics of the sample.
| TOTAL SAMPLE N = 9,488 | DISABLED N = 2,182 | NON-DISABLED N = 7,306 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Education level | |||
| Primary education | 897 (9.5%) | 326 (15%) | 571 (7.8%) |
| Secondary education | 4,440 (47%) | 1,178 (54%) | 3,262 (45%) |
| University education | 4,151 (44%) | 678 (31%) | 3,473 (48%) |
| Employment status | |||
| Employed | 8,151 (86%) | 1,434 (66%) | 6,717 (92%) |
| Unemployed | 1,337 (14%) | 748 (34%) | 589 (8.1%) |
| Gender | |||
| Woman | 4,425 (47%) | 1,138 (52%) | 3,287 (45%) |
| Man | 5,063 (53%) | 1,044 (48%) | 4,019 (55%) |
| Age | 44 (10) | 47 (10) | 43 (10) |
| Ethnic minority status | |||
| No | 9,037 (95%) | 2,059 (94%) | 6,978 (96%) |
| Yes | 451 (4.8%) | 123 (5.6%) | 328 (4.5%) |
| Area of residence | |||
| Rural area | 3,765 (40%) | 992 (45%) | 2,773 (38%) |
| Urban area | 5,723 (60%) | 1,190 (55%) | 4,533 (62%) |
[i] Notes: n (%); Mean, (SD).
Table 2
Characteristics of persons with and without disabilities by gender.
| DISABLED | NON-DISABLED | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TOTAL SAMPLE N = 2,182 | WOMEN N = 1,138 | MEN N = 1,044 | TOTAL SAMPLE N = 7,306 | WOMEN N = 3,287 | MEN N = 4,019 | |
| Educational level | ||||||
| Primary | 326 (15%) | 166 (15%) | 160 (15%) | 571 (7.8%) | 242 (7.4%) | 329 (8.2%) |
| Secondary | 1,178 (54%) | 587 (52%) | 591 (57%) | 3,262 (45%) | 1,282 (39%) | 1,980 (49%) |
| University | 678 (31%) | 385 (34%) | 293 (28%) | 3,473 (48%) | 1,763 (54%) | 1,710 (43%) |
| Employment status | ||||||
| Employed | 1,434 (66%) | 707 (62%) | 727 (70%) | 6,717 (92%) | 2,925 (89%) | 3,792 (94%) |
| Unemployed | 748 (34%) | 431 (38%) | 317 (30%) | 589 (8.1%) | 362 (11%) | 227 (5.6%) |
| Age | 47 (10) | 46 (10) | 47 (10) | 43 (10) | 43 (10) | 43 (10) |
| Ethnic minority status | ||||||
| No | 2,059 (94%) | 1,081 (95%) | 978 (94%) | 6,978 (96%) | 3,134 (95%) | 3,844 (96%) |
| Yes | 123 (5.6%) | 57 (5.0%) | 66 (6.3%) | 328 (4.5%) | 153 (4.7%) | 175 (4.4%) |
| Area of residence | ||||||
| Rural area | 992 (45%) | 514 (45%) | 478 (46%) | 2,773 (38%) | 1,217 (37%) | 1,556 (39%) |
| Urban area | 1,190 (55%) | 624 (55%) | 566 (54%) | 4,533 (62%) | 2,070 (63%) | 2,463 (61%) |
[i] Note: n (%); Mean, (SD).
Figure 1
Employment probabilities among disabled and non-disabled persons.
Note: Bars show 95% confidence intervals. Sample size by subgroup: Secondary educated with disabilities: 1,178, secondary educated without disabilities: 3,262, university educated with disabilities: 678, university educated without disabilities: 3,473. Accessibility description Employment probabilities increase with education for both groups, but the gradient is sleeper among persons with disabilities. Respondente with disabilities have lower predicted employment than non-disabled respondente at every educational level, while the largest employment gains are associated with university education, especially among persons with disabites.
Figure 2
Employment probabilities among men and women with disabilities.
Note: Bars show 95% confidence intervals. Sample size by subgroup: Secondary educated men: 591, secondary educated women: 587, university educated men: 293, university educated women: 385. Accessibility description: Employment probabilities increase with education for both disabled women and disabled men, but the gradient is steeper for women. Among persons with disabilities, women have lower employment at lower levels of education, but they appear to gain more from secondary and especially university education than men, indicating a stronger education-employment association among disabled women.
Table 3
Changes in employment across time among persons with and without disabilities, point estimates from LPMs.
| DISABLED | NON-DISABLED | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MODEL 1 | MODEL 2 | MODEL 1 | MODEL 2 | |
| Secondary education (Ref. primary education) | 0.10*** | 0.08*** | 0.02* | 0.04*** |
| (0.06, 0.15) | (0.04, 0.13) | (0.003, 0.04) | (0.02, 0.06) | |
| University education | 0.22*** | 0.19*** | 0.04*** | 0.07*** |
| (0.17, 0.26) | (0.15, 0.23) | (0.03, 0.06) | (0.06, 0.09) | |
| Year | –0.02*** | –0.03*** | –0.01*** | –0.01*** |
| (–0.03, –0.02) | (–0.03, –0.02) | (–0.02, –0.01) | (–0.01, –0.004) | |
| Women (Ref. men) | – | –0.10*** | – | –0.07*** |
| – | (–0.11, –0.09) | – | (–0.07, –0.06) | |
| Age | – | –0.002*** | – | 0.003*** |
| – | (–0.003, –0.002) | – | (0.003, 0.003) | |
| Ethnic minority (Ref. ethnic majority) | – | –0.10*** | – | –0.11*** |
| – | (–0.13, –0.08) | – | (–0.12, –0.10) | |
| Urban area (Ref. rural area) | – | 0.01 | – | –0.02*** |
| – | (–0.004, 0.02) | – | (–0.02, –0.02) | |
| Secondary education*Year | 0.02*** | 0.03*** | 0.02*** | 0.01*** |
| (0.01, 0.03) | (0.02, 0.03) | (0.01, 0.02) | (0.01, 0.02) | |
| University education*Year | 0.03*** | 0.04*** | 0.02*** | 0.01*** |
| (0.02, 0.04) | (0.03, 0.04) | (0.01, 0.02) | (0.01, 0.02) | |
| Constant | 0.53*** | 0.71*** | 0.87*** | 0.78*** |
| (0.49, 0.58) | (0.66, 0.76) | (0.85, 0.89) | (0.76, 0.80) | |
| Observations | 2,182 | 2,182 | 7,306 | 7,306 |
[i] Note *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; 95% confidence intervals in brackets. Coefficients represent percentage-point differences in the probability of being employed relative to the reference category.
Table 4
Changes in employment across time among women and men with disabilities, point estimates from LPMs.
| WOMEN | MEN | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MODEL 1 | MODEL 2 | MODEL 1 | MODEL 2 | |
| Secondary education (Ref. primary education) | 0.08** | 0.07* | 0.12*** | 0.07* |
| (0.02, 0.14) | (0.02, 0.13) | (0.06, 0.18) | (0.01, 0.13) | |
| University education | 0.19*** | 0.18*** | 0.23*** | 0.19*** |
| (0.13, 0.24) | (0.12, 0.24) | (0.18, 0.29) | (0.13, 0.25) | |
| Year | –0.04*** | –0.04*** | –0.01 | –0.01 |
| (–0.05, –0.03) | (–0.05, –0.03) | (–0.02, 0.01) | (–0.03, 0.0001) | |
| Age | – | 0.001** | – | –0.01*** |
| – | (0.0003, 0.002) | – | (–0.01, –0.01) | |
| Ethnic minority (Ref. ethnic majority) | – | –0.11*** | – | –0.08*** |
| – | (–0.15, –0.08) | – | (–0.11, –0.05) | |
| Urban area (Ref. rural area) | – | 0.02* | – | –0.01 |
| – | (0.002, 0.04) | – | (–0.03, 0.002) | |
| Secondary education*Year | 0.03*** | 0.04*** | 0.01 | 0.02** |
| (0.03, 0.04) | (0.03, 0.05) | (–0.004, 0.02) | (0.01, 0.03) | |
| University education*Year | 0.05*** | 0.05*** | 0.02** | 0.03*** |
| (0.04, 0.06) | (0.04, 0.06) | (0.01, 0.03) | (0.01, 0.04) | |
| Constant | 0.54*** | 0.49*** | 0.54*** | 0.87*** |
| (0.49, 0.60) | (0.42, 0.56) | (0.48, 0.60) | (0.80, 0.94) | |
| Observations | 1,138 | 1,138 | 1,044 | 1,044 |
[i] Note: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; 95% confidence intervals in brackets. Coefficients represent percentage-point differences in the probability of being employed relative to the reference category.