Table 1
Percentage of the population surveyed, according to whether certain behaviors are acceptable. Costa Rica, 2018 (n = 1002).
| Never acceptable | Always acceptable | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | Average | |
| Homosexuality | 41.9 | 7.4 | 16.0 | 9.0 | 24.7 | 2.67 (1.65) |
| Prostitution | 63.6 | 12.1 | 12.6 | 3.6 | 7.5 | 1.78 (1.24) |
| Abortion | 78.6 | 4.0 | 7.6 | 2.5 | 6.9 | 1.54 (1.17) |
| Divorce | 35.9 | 8.4 | 21.1 | 10.2 | 23.7 | 2.77 (1.59) |
| Sex before marriage | 35.1 | 8.4 | 18.8 | 10.6 | 26.3 | 2.85 (1.62) |
| Suicide | 88.9 | 3.8 | 2.8 | 1.3 | 3.0 | 1.25 (0.82) |
| Let a man hit his partner | 97.5 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 1.06 (0.42) |
| Let the parents hit their sons and daughters | 45.0 | 15.7 | 24.3 | 5.8 | 8.4 | 1.29 (2.16) |
[i] * Surveyed were asked to indicate how acceptable these behaviors were, on a scale of 1 to 5, where 1 meant they were never acceptable and 5 were always acceptable.
** Standard deviation in parentheses.
Source: IDESPO. 2018. Survey: Perception of the Costa Rican population on religious values and practices, 2018. Universidad Nacional.
Table 2
Perception of the population about how different social problems affect their daily lives. Costa Rica, 2018 (n = 1002).
| Issue | Little | Much | Average | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||
| Crime and drug trafficking | 21.9 | 7.2 | 13.1 | 9.0 | 48.7 | 3.56 (1.63) |
| Corruption | 15.5 | 4.6 | 9.5 | 11.9 | 58.4 | 3.93 (1.50) |
| Violence against women | 22.2 | 4.8 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 56.8 | 3.73 (1.66) |
| Drug addiction and alcoholism | 19.8 | 5.9 | 10.6 | 9.7 | 53.6 | 3.72 (1.61) |
| Religious influence in public server | 29.2 | 11.1 | 22.9 | 10.2 | 23.7 | 2.88 (1.54) |
| Bullying | 28.5 | 5.2 | 8.9 | 8.9 | 47.8 | 3.43 (1.74) |
| Unwanted pregnancies in teenagers | 27.4 | 6.6 | 13.3 | 12.2 | 39.9 | 3.31 (1.67) |
| Increase in social inequality | 15.0 | 5.4 | 15.6 | 11.5 | 51.1 | 3.80 (1.49) |
| Unemployment | 11.5 | 4.0 | 9.9 | 12.7 | 61.3 | 4.09 (1.38) |
| High cost of living | 21.9 | 7.2 | 13.1 | 9.0 | 48.7 | 4.42 (1.11) |
[i] * Surveyed were asked to indicate how much they perceived these problems affecting their daily lives on a scale of 1 to 5, where 1 represented little and 5 much.
** Standard deviation in parentheses.
Source: IDESPO. 2018. Survey: Perception of the Costa Rican population on religious values and practices, 2018. Universidad Nacional.
Table 3
Analysis of variance of the acceptance of various behaviors by the Costa Rican population, according to their religious beliefs (n = 970).
| Behaviors | Roman Catholic | Evangelical Protestant | Believer without religion | Other Religion | F |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Homosexuality | 2.84 (1.63) | 1.88 (1.36) | 3.18 (1.68) | 2.29 (1.63) | 0.000 |
| Prostitution | 1.76 (1.23) | 1.50 (1.05) | 1.99 (1.28) | 1.74 (1.18) | 0.001 |
| Abortion | 1.43 (1.02) | 1.20 (0.70) | 2.02 (1.46) | 1.68 (1.40) | 0.000 |
| Divorce | 2.72 (1.53) | 2.30 (1.51) | 3.32 (1.63) | 2.95 (1.63) | 0.000 |
| Sex before marriage | 2.89 (1.55) | 2.05 (1.42) | 3.73 (1.50) | 2.37 (1.62) | 0.000 |
| Suicide | 1.18 (0.68) | 1.11 (0.56) | 1.37 (0.96) | 1.63 (1.34) | 0.000 |
| Male’s right to hit his female partner | 1.05 (0.40) | 1.08 (0.52) | 1.02 (0.19) | 1.13 (0.66) | 0.365 |
| Parent’s right to hit their children | 2.11 (1.29) | 2.62 (1.30) | 2.23 (1.30) | 1.89 (1.03) | 0.212 |
[i] * Standard deviation in parentheses.
Source: IDESPO. 2018. Survey: Perception of the Costa Rican population on religious values and practices, 2018. Universidad Nacional.
Table 4
Comparison of means using the Tukey HSD test on the acceptance of various behaviors by the Costa Rican population, according to their religious affiliations.
| Religion | Homosexuality | Prostitution | Abortion | Divorce | Sex before marriage | Suicide |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Roman Catholic | 2.84bc | 1.76ab | 1.43ab | 2.72ab | 2.89b | 1.18a |
| Evangelical Protestant | 1.88a | 1.50a | 1.20a | 2.30a | 2.05a | 1.11a |
| Other Religious Belief | 2.29ab | 1.74ab | 1.68bc | 2.95bc | 2.37ab | 1.63b |
| Believer without religion | 3.18c | 1.99b | 2.02c | 3.32c | 3.73c | 1.37ab |
[i] Source: IDESPO. 2018. Survey: Perception of the Costa Rican population on religious values and practices, 2018. Universidad Nacional.
Table 5
Analysis of variance of the perception on the affectation of different social problems by the Costa Rican population, according to their religious affiliation (n = 970).
| Social Problems | Roman Catholic | Evangelical Protestant | Believer without Religion | Other Religion | F |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crime and drug trafficking | 3.57 (1.65) | 3.63 (1.63) | 3.44 (1.61) | 3.89 (1.51) | 0.441 |
| Corruption | 3.91 (1.52) | 3.88 (1.55) | 4.03 (1.41) | 4.16 (1.38) | 0.584 |
| Violence against women | 3.76 (1.65) | 3.63 (1.73) | 3.71 (1.65) | 4.05 (1.49) | 0.466 |
| Drug addiction and alcoholism | 3.78 (1.59) | 3.65 (1.67) | 3.67 (1.61) | 3.89 (1.59) | 0.615 |
| Religious influence in public server | 2.92 (1.53) | 2.81 (1.57) | 2.85 (1.54) | 2.75 (1.57) | 0.776 |
| Bullying | 3.48 (1.73) | 3.27 (1.79) | 3.50 (1.69) | 3.62 (1.80) | 0,332 |
| Unwanted pregnancies in teenagers | 3.38 (1.63) | 3.22 (1.72) | 3.24 (1.71) | 3.27(1.84) | 0596 |
| Increase in social inequality | 3.80 (1.47) | 3.67 (1.59) | 3.92 (1.38) | 3.76 (1.59) | 0.400 |
| Unemployment | 4.09 (1.37) | 4.03 (1.44) | 4.21 (1.27) | 4.24 (1.44) | 0.578 |
| High cost of living | 4.40 (1.11) | 436 (1.21) | 4.59 (0.91) | 4.41 (1.32) | 0.183 |
[i] * Standard deviation in parentheses.
Source: IDESPO. 2018. Survey: Perception of the Costa Rican population on religious values and practices, 2018. Universidad Nacional.
Table 6
Definition and categorization of model variables.
| Variables | Definition | Coding |
|---|---|---|
| Acceptance of the conduct | The dependent variable on the model is the acceptance or not of various social behaviors. The values were recoded as follows:
| 0 = Does not accept 1 = Accept |
| Evangelical Protestant | It indicates whether the person professes an Evangelical Protestant stream | 0 = No 1 = Yes |
| Other Religious affiliation | Indicates whether the person professed a Christian religion that is not Protestant evangelical or Roman Catholic (Jehovah Witness; Mormons, etc.), or a non-Christian religion (Jews, Muslims, etc.) | 0 = No 1 = Yes |
| Believer Without religion | People who claim to believe in God or a superior deity, but who do not belong or attend any religion or cult | 0 = No 1 = Yes |
| Religious practices | They indicate if they participate actively in activities or spaces organized by the church to which they belong | 0 = No 1 = Yes |
| Sex | Indicates the sex of the survey person | 0 = Man 1 = Woman |
| Perception of socioeconomic novel | It is an indicator built from the perception of the population surveyed about their income and economic stability | 0 (Very low) to 5 (Very high) |
| Age | Age in years at the time of the survey. Only people over 18 were surveyed | 18 to 83 |
| Education level | It refers to the last degree of regular education approved by the person, for which three categories were established | Elementary School High school College |
[i] Source: Made by the author.
Table 7
Logistic regression model on the acceptance of different social behaviors concerning various sociodemographic variables of the population surveyed.
| Variables | Homosexuality | Prostitution | Abortion | Divorce | Sex before marriage | Suicide | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | Sig | B | Sig | B | Sig | B | Sig | B | Sig | B | Sig | |
| Religious affiliation | ||||||||||||
| Evangelical Protestant | –1.357 | 0.000** (0.183) | –0.430 | 0.038* (0.207) | –0.732 | 0.014* (0.298) | –0.452 | 0.007* (0.167) | –1.039 | 0.000** (0.172) | –0.725 | 0.122 (0.469) |
| Other Religious affiliation | –1.362 | 0.004* (0.473) | –0.825 | 0.189 (0.628) | 0.038 | 0.953 (0.658) | 0.089 | 0.833 (0.420) | –1.318 | 0.004* (0.463) | 1.520 | 0.014* (0.617) |
| Believer without religion | 1.653 | 0.060 (0.880) | 2.043 | 0.028* (0.927) | 1.600 | 0.096 (0.962) | 0.013 | 0.988 (0.846) | 2.213 | 0.018* (0.938) | 0.840 | 0.381 (0.959) |
| Religious practice | –0.416 | 0.012* (0.165) | –0.040 | 0.829 (0.185) | –0.973 | 0.000* (0.243) | –0.786 | 0.000* (0.159) | –0.725 | 0.000* (0.159) | –1.003 | 0.005* (0.360) |
| Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Age | –0.033 | 0.000** (0.006) | –0.013 | 0.048* (0.007) | –0.027 | 0.003* (0.009) | –0.012 | 0.021* (0.005) | –0.024 | 0.000* (0.006) | –0.008 | 0.511 (0.012) |
| Sex (Female) | 0.424 | 0.010** (0.164) | 0.012 | 0.949 (0.183) | 0.235 | 0.330 (0.241) | 0.329 | 0.035* (0.156) | 0.076 | 0.626 (0.157) | –0.113 | 0.744 (0.346) |
| Perception socioeconomic level | 0.130 | 0.040* (0.063) | 0.140 | 0.049* (0.071) | 0.169 | 0.071 (0.094) | 0.058 | 0.335 (0.061) | 0.114 | 0.060 (0.061) | 0.229 | 0.086 (0.133) |
| Education level | ||||||||||||
| Elementary School | 0.018 | 0.955 (0.322) | –0.006 | 0.988 (0.370) | 1.223 | 0.243 (1.048) | 0.404 | 0.184 (0.304) | 0.053 | 0.861 (0.302) | –0.815 | 0.207 (0.647) |
| High school | 0.612 | 0.068 (0.335) | –0.009 | 0.982 (0.387) | 2.239 | 0.031* (1.039) | 0.954 | 0.003* (0.318) | 0.412 | 0.196 (0.318) | –0.374 | 0.565 (0.650) |
| College | 1.062 | 0.002* (0.343) | –0.092 | 0.816 (0.394) | 2.405 | 0.021 (1.041) | 1.554 | 0.000 (0.331) | 0.475 | 0.144 (0.325) | –0.145 | 0.822 (0.643) |
| Accountant | 0.653 | 0.202 (0.512) | –0.885 | 0.129 (0.583) | –.0l816 | 0.019* (1.201) | –0.192 | 0.695 (0.489) | 1.281 | 0.010 (0.494) | –1.888 | 0.079 (1.073) |
| Classification | 69.9% | 79.7% | 87.8% | 62.5% | 65.8% | 95.0% | ||||||
[i] The comparison variable in Religious Affiliation is Catholic and the comparison variable in Education level is None.
* Significance p < 0.05.
** Significance p < 0.01.
Standard error in parentheses.
Source: Made by the author from Survey: Perception of the Costa Rican population on religious values and practices, 2018. Universidad Nacional.
Table 8
Logistic regression model on the acceptance of different social behaviors of the Evangelical Protestant population surveyed.
| Variables | Homosexuality | Prostitution | Abortion | Divorce | Sex before marriage | Suicide | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | Sig | B | Sig | B | Sig | B | Sig | B | Sig | B | Sig | |
| Religious practice | –0.581 | 0.064 (0.314) | 0.208 | 0.570 (0.322) | –0.498 | 0.361 (0.546) | –0.554 | 0.045* (0.276) | –0.867 | 0.003** (0.288) | –0.570 | 0.514 (0.872) |
| Age | –0.033 | 0.008** (0.012) | –0.024 | 0.084 (0.014) | –0.061 | 0.026* (0.270) | –0.016 | 0.123 (0.010) | –0.045 | 0.000** (0.012) | –0.014 | 0.666 (0.032) |
| Sex (Female) | 0.551 | 0.080 (0.315) | 0.130 | 0.714 (0.134) | 0.344 | 0.529 (0.546) | 0.464 | 0.089 (0.273) | –0.063 | 0.823 (0.288) | –0.995 | 0.303 (0.928) |
| Perception socioeconomic level | 0.252 | 0.040* (0.123) | 0.176 | 0.203 (0.138) | 0.283 | 0.179 (1.327) | 0.061 | 0.568 (0.107) | 0.099 | 0.384 (0.114) | 0.554 | 0.108 (0.345) |
| Education level | ||||||||||||
| Elementary School | –0.807 | 0.134 (0.538) | –0.403 | 0.488 (0.581) | 17.28 | 0.998 (7384) | 0.412 | 0.393 (0.730) | –0.768 | 0.122 (0.497) | –2.104 | 0.058 (1.112) |
| High School | 0.089 | 0.871 (0.549) | –0.740 | 0.247 (0.640) | 18.39 | 0.998 (7384) | 0.457 | 0.373 (0.794) | –0.624 | 0.241 (0.533) | –2.044 | 0.096 (1.227) |
| College | 0.322 | 0.592 (0.600) | –0.763 | 0.292 (0.725) | 17.93 | 0.998 (7384) | 1.061 | 0.060 (0.563) | –0.418 | 0.507 (0.114) | –19.39 | 0.998 (6356) |
| Accountant | 0.184 | 0.816 (0.793) | –0.678 | 0.446 (0.890) | –18.78 | 0.998 (7384) | –0.183 | 0.794 (0.068) | 2.073 | 0.007** (0.763) | –1.590 | 0.384 (1.825) |
| Classification | 72.8% | 83.7% | 93.4% | 60.7% | 68.8% | 97.7% | ||||||
[i] The comparison variable in Education level is None.
* Significance p < 0.05.
** Significance p < 0.01.
Standard error in parentheses.
Source: Made by the author from Survey: Perception of the Costa Rican population on religious values and practices, 2018. Universidad Nacional.