Figure 1
Retractions by year, 2009–2024
Figure 2
Retractions by access type, 2009–2024
Table 1
Retractions and retraction rates by access type, 2009–2024
| Modality | Retractions | Total Publications | Retraction Rate |
|---|---|---|---|
| Closed | 27,898 | 44,598,966 | 0.063% |
| Gold | 20,658 | 6,728,889 | 0.307% |
| Hybrid | 2,169 | 4,098,866 | 0.053% |
| Green | 2,445 | 5,220,205 | 0.047% |
| Bronze | 6,153 | 5,868,629 | 0.105% |
| Diamond | 808 | 11,910,644 | 0.007% |
Figure 3
Retractions by access type over time, 2009–2024
Figure 4
OA Retractions by subject domain, 2009‑2024
Table 2
OA retractions, total OA publications and retraction rates by country (top ten by raw retraction count), 2009–2024
| Country | OA Publications | OA Retractions | OA Retraction % |
|---|---|---|---|
| China | 2,860,214 | 15,653 | 0.547% |
| India | 1,250,799 | 1,749 | 0.140% |
| United States | 4,951,758 | 1,586 | 0.032% |
| Saudi Arabia | 258,260 | 1,153 | 0.446% |
| Pakistan | 234,218 | 674 | 0.288% |
| South Korea | 658,017 | 504 | 0.077% |
| Russia | 802,626 | 469 | 0.058% |
| Ethiopia | 73,964 | 447 | 0.604% |
| United Kingdom | 1,688,234 | 446 | 0.026% |
| Iran | 426,009 | 417 | 0.098% |
Table 3
Reasons for OA retractions (top ten), including gold and hybrid OA retractions
| Reason | Total OA Retractions | Gold OA Retractions | Hybrid OA Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Investigation by Journal/Publisher | 14,844 | 14,210 | 634 |
| Unreliable Results | 12,064 | 11,874 | 190 |
| Investigation by Third Party | 11,972 | 11,765 | 207 |
| Concerns/Issues About Data | 10,527 | 10,199 | 328 |
| Concerns/Issues about Referencing/Attributions | 9,068 | 8,967 | 101 |
| Concerns/Issues with Peer Review | 8,970 | 8,919 | 51 |
| Paper Mill | 8,935 | 8,763 | 172 |
| Concerns/Issues About Results | 7,001 | 6,890 | 111 |
| Randomly Generated Content | 6,681 | 6,514 | 167 |
| Fake Peer Review | 4,035 | 3,696 | 339 |
Table 4
Total OA retractions by publisher (top ten), including gold and hybrid OA retractions
| Publisher | Total OA Retractions | Gold OA Retractions | Hybrid OA Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hindawi | 11,432 | 11,432 | 0 |
| Springer Nature | 2,198 | 1,675 | 523 |
| IOP Publishing | 1,159 | 1,152 | 7 |
| PLOS | 1,137 | 1,137 | 0 |
| Elsevier | 973 | 743 | 230 |
| Taylor & Francis | 932 | 867 | 65 |
| Frontiers | 435 | 435 | 0 |
| Wiley | 397 | 318 | 79 |
| Spandidos | 350 | 197 | 153 |
| MDPI | 340 | 340 | 0 |
Table 5
Total APCs by publisher (top ten), including gold and hybrid APCs, in US dollars
| Publisher | Total APCs | Gold OA APCs | Hybrid OA APCs |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hindawi | $23,284,456 | $23,284,456 | $0 |
| Springer Nature | $4,707,610.21 | $3,345,861.12 | $1,361,749.09 |
| Taylor & Francis | $2,411,102.50 | $2,356,219.03 | $54,883.47 |
| PLOS | $2,187,288.46 | $2,187,288.46 | $0 |
| Elsevier | $1,990,311.62 | $1,232,628.03 | $757,683.59 |
| Frontiers | $1,221,645.69 | $1,221,645.69 | $0 |
| Wiley | $1,013,067.51 | $744,342.86 | $268,724.65 |
| American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ASBMB) | $781,210 | $5,310 | $775,900 |
| MDPI | $779,117.61 | $779,117.61 | $0 |
| Portland Press | $554,680 | $554,680 | $0 |