References
- 1US Department of Education Releases National Student Loan FY 2014 Cohort Default Rate|US Department of Education, “U.S. Department of Education Recognizes 14 States and 40 Districts Committing to #GoOpen with Educational Resources,” February 26, 2016:
https://www.ed.gov/news/press-releases/us-department-education-recognizes-13-states-and-40-districts-committing-goopen-educational-resources (accessed March 13, 2019). - 2Jean Dimeo, “Turning Point for OER Use?,” Inside Higher Ed (April 19, 2017):
https://www.insidehighered.com/digital-learning/article/2017/04/19/new-yorks-decision-spend-8-million-oer-turning-point (accessed March 13, 2019). - 3An additional challenge not addressed here is accessibility for students with disabilities as that issue is beyond the expertise of the authors.
- 4UNESCO, “Open Educational Resources (OER),”:
http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/access-to-knowledge/open-educational-resources/what-are-open-educational-resources-oers/ (accessed March 13, 2019). - 5Julia H. Kaufman et al., “Use of Open Educational Resources in an Era of Common Standards,” RAND Corporation, March 27, 2017:
www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1773.html (accessed March 13, 2019). - 6“EngageNY Curriculum Partners Grade 4 Mathematics Module 1, Topic A, Lesson 4|EngageNY,” EngageNY Curriculum:
http://www.engageny.org/content/engageny-curriculum-partners (accessed March 13, 2019). - 7“Eureka Math, the Top Pick of Teachers Nationwide,” PR Newswire, April 18, 2016:
https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/eureka-math-the-top-pick-of-teachers-nationwide-300253253.html (accessed March 13, 2019). - 8“Quality Counts 2016: State Report Cards Map,” Education Week (December 30, 2015, corrected January 26, 2016):
http://www.edweek.org/ew/qc/2016/2016-state-report-cards-map.html?intc=EW-QC16-LFTNAV%3B (accessed March 13, 2019). “These U.S. States Have the Best Education Systems,” US News & World Report, (accessed April 4, 2019). - 9Madeline Will, “Teacher-Made LessonsMake Inroads,” Education Week (June 20, 2018):
https://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2017/03/29/teacher-made-lessons-make-inroads.html (accessed March 13, 2019). - 10“Home,” Open Up Resources:
https://openupresources.org/ (accessed March 13, 2019). - 11“Impact Stories OER,” The Learning Accelerator:
https://learningaccelerator.org/impact-stories/oer#6 (accessed March 13, 2019). - 12Matt Barnum and Amanda Zhou, “Chalkbeat’s List of CZI Education Donations,” Chalkbeat, September 6, 2018:
https://chalkbeat.org/posts/us/2018/09/06/czi-education-donations-list/ (accessed March 13, 019). - 13COSN’s 2017 Annual Infrastructure Report, p. 15.
- 14“The Connectivity Gap,” EducationSuperHighway:
https://www.educationsuperhighway.org/challenge/ (accessed March 13, 2019). Herold, Benjamin. “Schools See ‘Incredible Progress’ on Internet Connectivity, Report Says,” Education Week, October 12, 2018:https://www.edweek.org/ew/section/multimedia/schools-see-incredible-progress-on-internet-connectivity.html (accessed 13 March 2019). - 15“Teachers’ Use of Ed-Tech Tools Rises Across the Board, But Time Pressures Persist,” Market Brief, November 29, 2018:
https://marketbrief.edweek.org/marketplace-k-12/teachers-use-ed-tech-tools-rises-across-board-time-pressures-persist/?cmp=eml-enl-eu (accessed 13 March 2019). - 16Tod Newcomb, “A Cautionary Tale for Any Government IT Project: L.A.’s Failed iPad Program,” Governing: The States and Localities, May 13, 2015:
http://www.governing.com/columns/tech-talk/gov-tablets-los-angeles-ipad-apple-schools.html (accessed 13 March 2019). - 17“LA School Report,” LA School Report:
http://laschoolreport.com/just-in-lausd-pearson-finalize-6-45-million-settlement/ (accessed 13 March 2019). - 18Contributor, Teaching Ahead, “Want Kids to Use Tech Productively? That’s ‘Asking the Impossible’,” Education Week (blog), October 22, 2018:
http://blogs.edweek.org/teachers/teaching_ahead/2018/10/want_kids_to_use_tech_productively_thats_asking_the_impossible.html (accessed 13 March 2019). - 19“The Common Sense Census – Media Use by Tweens and Teens: Infographic,” Common Sense Media:
https://www.commonsensemedia.org/the-common-sense-census-media-use-by-tweens-and-teens-infographic (accessed 13 March 2019). - 20Nellie Bowles, “The Digital Gap Between Rich and Poor Kids Is Not What We Expected,” The New York Times, October 26, 2018:
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/26/style/digital-divide-screens-schools.html (accessed 13 March 2019). - 21Matt Hiefield, “7 Ways We’re Confronting Internet Access Challenges – and Our Own Blind Spots,” EdSurge, April 17, 2018: https://www.edsurge.com/news/2018-04-17-7-ways-we-re-confronting-internet-access-challenges-and-our-own-blind-spots (accessed 13 March 2019).
- 22Summit Learning:
https://help.summitlearning.org/hc/en-us (accessed 13 March 2019). - 23Dipayan Ghosh and Jim Steyer, “Kids Shouldn’t Have to Sacrifice Privacy for Education,” The New York Times, December 13, 2018:
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/13/opinion/children-privacy-online.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fopinion&action=click&contentCollection=opinion®ion=rank&module=package&version=highlights&contentPlacement=9&pgtype=sectionfront (accessed 13 March 2019). - 24Of course, this is not just true with OER, but also relates to many types of learning analytics and assessment tools.
- 25Nicole Gorman, “Survey Finds Teachers Spend 7 Hours Per Week Searching for Instructional Materials,” Education World, July 2, 2017:
https://www.educationworld.com/a_news/survey-finds-teachers-spend-7-hours-week-searching-instructional-materials-490526015 (accessed 13 March 2019). - 26
“#GoOpen States,” Office of Educational Technology:https://tech.ed.gov/open/states/ (accessed 13 March 2019). - 27
“#GoOpen States,” Office of Educational Technology. - 28Liana Heitin, “Louisiana Offers Its Homegrown Standards-Based Lessons to Teachers Nationwide,” Education Week, June 1, 2018:
https://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2016/07/01/louisiana-offers-its-homegrown-common-core-lessons-to.html (accessed 13 March 2019). - 29“About the Standards,” Common Core State Standards Initiative:
http://www.corestandards.org/about-the-standards/ (accessed March 13, 2019). - 30Basic Books, Inc. v. Kinko’s Graphics Corp.,758 F. Supp. 1522 (S.D.N.Y. 1991).
- 31Technicalities about copyright law and educational exceptions are generally beyond the scope of this article. Depending on your location, one good source of materials is your local Reproduction Rights Organization, such as CCC in the US, CLA in the UK and CFC in France. For a list of these organizations and links to their websites, see:
https://www.ifrro.org/RRO (accessed March 13, 2019). - 32Technically, in legal terms, the original author of CC BY material can charge for it, but by placing assigning a CC BY license, the author is telling people that they do not have to pay. Moreover, where CC BY materials are created under a grant mandating use of CC BY, it would be deemed inconsistent with the grant (and generally bad form) to charge.
- 33Brian Fitzgerald, A Licensing (OCL) for Open Educational Resources, page 14, Report, Brisbane: QUT, 2007.
- 34Note the success of teacherspayteachers.com as a model for how teachers can monetize their work outside the OER ecosystem.
- 35Sean Cavanagh, “Curriculum Provider Loses Court Fight With FedEx Over Copying ‘Open’ Materials,” Market Brief, July 13, 2018:
https://marketbrief.edweek.org/marketplace-k-12/curriculum-provider-loses-court-fight-fedex-copying-open-materials/ (accessed March 13, 2019). For the Second Circuit Appellate Decision, see:https://cases.justia.com/federal/appellate-courts/ca2/17-808/17-808-2018-03-21.pdf?ts=1521642604 (accessed 13 March 2019). For the California District Court opinion, see:https://creativecommons.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/2018-01-18-40-Decision-granting-dismissal-of-infringement-claim.pdf (accessed 13 March 2019). - 36On the other hand, OER have the potential to improve the quality of professional development because they can be connected to instruction. There is much promise to be found in curriculum-embedded professional development. OER allow education non-profits and others in the space to collaborate and create high-quality support for teachers that connects directly to the materials they use in instruction. This cannot be done with materials that are inaccessible.
- 37Of course you could argue that as OER advances, it undermines the business models of traditional publishers, creating a similar risk.
- 38Sean Cavanagh, “Digital Tools Are Everywhere-and Largely Unused-in Many Schools, New Analysis Shows,” Market Brief, December 7, 2018:
https://marketbrief.edweek.org/marketplace-k-12/digital-tools-everywhere-largely-unused-many-schools-new-analysis-shows/?cmp=eml-enl-eu-news3&M=58692810&U=1691094&UUID=0595d801b11ce2011606306b524e6cd5 (accessed March 13, 2019). - 39Julia H. Kaufman et al., “Raising the Bar for Student Outcomes in Louisiana,” RAND, August 3, 2018:
https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB10024.html (accessed March 13, 2019). - 40Robert Pondiscio, “Louisiana Threads the Needle on Ed Reform,” Education Next:
https://www.educationnext.org/louisiana-threads-the-needle-ed-reform-launching-coherent-curriculum-local-control/ (accessed March 13, 2019). - 41Liana Heitin, “Louisiana Offers Its Homegrown Standards-Based Lessons to Teachers Nationwide”:
https://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2016/07/01/louisiana-offers-its-homegrown-common-core-lessons-to.html (accessed March 13, 2019).