Table 1
Demographic characteristics of the respondents
| Variables | M+F (n=367) | M (n=99) | F (n=268) | p-value (M vs. F) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (mean±SD) | 18.66±1.20 | 19.15±1.31 | 18.47±1.10 | <0.001*** | |
| Major (n,%) | Psychology | 62 (16.9) | 12 (12.1) | 50 (18.7) | <0.001*** |
| Public Health | 171 (46.6) | 17 (17.2) | 154 (57.5) | ||
| IT Education | 60 (16.3) | 25 (25.3) | 35 (13.1) | ||
| Sport Science | 16 (4.4) | 10 (10.1) | 6 (2.2) | ||
| IT | 58 (15.8) | 35 (35.4) | 23 (8.6) | ||
| Religion | Islam | 58 (158) | 15 (15.2) | 43 (16.0) | 0.812 |
| Christian (Protestant) | 282 (76.8) | 78 (78.8) | 204 (76.1) | ||
| Christian (Catholics) | 25 (6.8) | 6 (6.1) | 19 (7.1) | ||
| Others (Hindu/Buddha) | 2 (0.5) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.7) | ||
| Accommodation | Renting private room | 275 (74.9) | 63 (63.6) | 212 (79.1) | 0.016* |
| With parents | 58 (15.8) | 21 (21.2) | 37 (13.8) | ||
| With relatives | 11 (3.0) | 4 (4.0) | 7 (2.6) | ||
| Boarding house | 23 (6.3) | 11 (11.1) | 12 (4.5) | ||
| No. of siblings | 0 | 28 (7.6) | 11 (11.1) | 17 (6.3) | 0.664 |
| 1 | 72 (19.6) | 22 (22.2) | 50 (18.7) | ||
| 2 | 103 (28.1) | 26 (26.2) | 77 (28.7) | ||
| 3 | 80 (21.8) | 21 (21.2) | 59 (22.0) | ||
| 4 | 38 (10.4) | 9 (9.1) | 29 (10.8) | ||
| 5 | 25 (6.8) | 5 (5.1) | 20 (7.5) | ||
| ≥6 | 21 (5.7) | 5 (5.1) | 16 (6.0) | ||
| BMI | Underweight | 88 (24.0) | 18 (18.2) | 70 (26.1) | 0.014* |
| Normal | 238 (64.9) | 64 (64.6) | 174 (64.9) | ||
| Overweight | 36 (9.8) | 13 (13.1) | 23 (8.6) | ||
| Obese | 5 (1.4) | 4 (4.0) | 1 (0.4) | ||
| Raw values | 21.06+3.75 | 22.17±4.99 | 20.66±3.06 | 0.006** |
Table 2
DASS and DUREL descriptive values in respondents
| Parameter | M+F (n=367) | M (n=99) | F (n=268) | p-value (M vs. F) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| D | Normal | 235 (64.0) | 69 (69.7) | 166 (61.9) | 0.008** |
| Mild | 35 (9.5) | 9 (9.1) | 26 (9.7) | ||
| Moderate | 56 (15.3) | 8 (8.1) | 48 (17.9) | ||
| Severe | 19 (5.2) | 2 (2.0) | 17 (6.3) | ||
| Extremely severe | 22 (6.0) | 11 (11.1) | 11 (4.1) | ||
| Depression raw values | 9.54±8.60 | 9.01±9.83 | 9.73±8.11 | 0.515 | |
| A | Normal | 75 (20.4) | 36 (36.4) | 39 (14.6) | <0.001*** |
| Mild | 47 (12.8) | 14 (14.1) | 33 (12.3) | ||
| Moderate | 76 (20.7) | 21 (21.2) | 55 (20.5) | ||
| Severe | 64 (17.4) | 16 (16.2) | 48 (17.9) | ||
| Extremely severe | 105 (28.6) | 12 (12.1) | 93 (34.7) | ||
| Anxiety raw values | 14.71±8.93 | 10.76±7.87 | 16.17±8.87 | <0.001*** | |
| S | Normal | 109 (29.7) | 46 (46.5) | 63 (23.5) | <0.001*** |
| Mild | 120 (32.7) | 28 (28.3) | 92 (34.3) | ||
| Moderate | 79 (21.5) | 17 (17.2) | 62 (23.2) | ||
| Severe | 43 (11.7) | 6 (6.1) | 37 (13.8) | ||
| Extremely severe | 16 (4.4) | 2 (2.1) | 14 (5.2) | ||
| Stress raw values | 16.51±9.44 | 12.56±9.20 | 17.97±9.13 | <0.001*** | |
| Religiosity | |||||
| ORA | 4.96±1.18 | 4.93±1.20 | 4.98±1.17 | 0.731 | |
| NORA | 3.70±1.68 | 3.17±1.61 | 3.89±1.66 | <0.001*** | |
| IR | 4.71±0.62 | 4.53±0.85 | 4.78±0.50 | <0.001*** | |
Table 3
Correlation matrix of depression, anxiety, and stress with religiosity
| Parameter ORA | M+F (n=367) | M (n=99) | F (n=268) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NORA | IR | ORA | NORA | IR | ORA | NORA | IR | ORA | ||
| Depression | r | -0.022 | 0.015 | -0.135** | -0.038 | 0.070 | -0.207* | -0.027 | -0.042 | -0.141* |
| p-value | 0.676 | 0.777 | 0.010 | 0.711 | 0.489 | 0.040 | 0.660 | 0.491 | 0.021 | |
| Anxiety | r | 0.000 | 0.045 | -0.094 | 0.012 | 0.057 | -0.184 | -0.023 | -0.035 | -0.137* |
| p-value | 0.998 | 0.387 | 0.072 | 0.910 | 0.574 | 0.069 | 0.712 | 0.572 | 0.025 | |
| Stress | r | 0.029 | 0.040 | -0.108* | 0.051 | 0.067 | -.225* | 0.009 | -0.049 | -0.129* |
| p-value | 0.583 | 0.447 | 0.040 | 0.619 | 0.508 | 0.025 | 0.885 | 0.427 | 0.035 | |
Table S1
Correlation matrix between DAS and DUREL based on religion.
| Parameter | All religions (n=367) | Islam (n=58) | Christian (n=282) | Catholic (n=25) | others (n=2) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ORA | NORA | IR | ORA | NORA | IR | ORA | NORA | IR | ORA | NORA | IR | ORA | NORA | IR | ||
| D | r | -0.022 | 0.015 | -.135** | 0.015 | 0.012 | -0.155 | -0.033 | 0.014 | -.125* | -0.235 | 0.063 | -0.221 | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| p-value | 0.676 | 0.777 | 0.010 | 0.914 | 0.931 | 0.246 | 0.577 | 0.810 | 0.036 | 0.258 | 0.765 | 0.288 | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
| A | r | 0.000 | 0.045 | -0.094 | -0.142 | -0.087 | -0.111 | 0.009 | 0.064 | -0.105 | -0.015 | 0.235 | 0.030 | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| p-value | 0.998 | 0.387 | 0.072 | 0.289 | 0.515 | 0.409 | 0.882 | 0.282 | 0.079 | 0.945 | 0.258 | 0.887 | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
| S | r | 0.029 | 0.040 | -.108* | -0.076 | -0.084 | -0.180 | 0.034 | 0.057 | -.117* | -0.027 | 0.225 | 0.063 | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| p-value | 0.583 | 0.447 | 0.040 | 0.569 | 0.531 | 0.176 | 0.572 | 0.344 | 0.049 | 0.900 | 0.279 | 0.765 | n/a | n/a | n/a | |